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1. (', , );
2. ( , , , -);
3. (, );
4. ( , i );
5. ( , ).
:
* ii , i ;
* , i ;
* , , , . ii , , , , i .
- , i i .
:
1. :
- () ;
- 볿;
- ;
- 볿;
2. :
- - , , , ' . ̳ . i;
- - , i ;
- - , ;
- - . ³ i ;
- - , i . , .
:
* - . 20-30% i ;
* - , ( 10-15%);
* "" - , . - 2 - 4 %;
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* () - , ( 5 25%);
* . , , .
3. .
, ' .
:
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̳ 1936 , . , IH ( 䳺 2000 ).
³ I 4 :
/ | : | ' | |||
i | |||||
EXW. Ex Works | - | - | |||
FCA. Free Carrier | - | F | , i | ||
FAS. Free Alongside Ship | F | --- --- | , | ||
FOB. Free on Board | - | F | --- --- | --- --- | |
CFR.Cost and Freight | C | --- " --- | |||
ѲF. Cost, Insurance and Freight | , | C | --- " --- | --- " --- | |
CPT. Carriage Paid To | C | --- " --- | - | ||
CIP.Carriage and Insurance Paid to | C | --- " --- | - | ||
DAF. Delivered At Frontier | D | - | |||
DES. Delivered Ex Ship | - | D | --- " --- | , | |
DEQ.Delivered Ex Quay | - | D | --- " --- | , | |
DDU. Delivered Duty Unpaid | , | D | --- " --- | - | |
DDP. Delivered Duty Paid | , | D | --- " --- | - |
- "" (Ex works -), ' . ³ ' . , -.
- "F" , ' , . . i (FCA, FOB) (FAS).
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FCA: .
FAS: .
FOB: .
- "C" 4 :
CFR (CAF): ;
CIF: , ;
CPT: ...;
Ѳ: ...
³ C , CIF Ѳ , i ; . . ' .
- "D :
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- DES: . ' ;
- DDU: . ' , ;
- DEQ: . ' . . ( i );
- DDP: . ' . .
, "D" , ' , .
FOB, CIF DAF. , , FOB i ( FOB ), CIF ( ).
I .
'. , . i , , , , , - . . .
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Px - ,
Pm - .
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, ( 1) , , , ( 1).
, , , . 15% , 6,5 . ³ , i 70- . 90- : 0,86; 0,96; 0,94; 0,89; 0,93. : 137,6; 97,4; 113,6; 120,1; 118,9.
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