, , , - . ( ).
( ) , , , , .
- , . (), , () . , , , . , . , ( ).
: ( ).
. , , (. 8.22 ), (. 8.22 ). 1 ( 1) - , 2 ( 2) , fx . , , 3 ( 3), T 0 = 1 c. 4 ( 4) , 5 T 0 , Nx. fx ;
Nx = Ent [ T 0/ Tx ] = Ent [ T 0 fx ],
Ent [...] [...]; Tx (Tx = 1 / fx); fx .
5 . ( ). , , T 0 = 1 c 254 , , , fx = 254 . , .. . , . , .
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, .. T 0 (, T 01 = 0,1 c; T 02 = 1.0 c; T 03 = 10 c). , .. T 0, . Nx ( , , ) T 0, , , , . ∆ F fx : ∆ F 1 ∆ F 2, () T 0.
∆ F 1 - . T 0/ Tx , . , T 0/ Tx . Nx, , , .
T 0, () T 0, , T 0, . (. 8.23, ): ( 1) , , , ( 2) .
∆ F 1 , . :
∆ F 1 = 1 = 1 / T 0.
, ∆ F 1 , .. fx (. 8.23 ).
∆ F 2, () T 0, (. 8.24 ). T 0 , , , N 1 (. . 8.24 ). T 0 T 0 + ∆ T 0, fx : N 2 > N 1 (. . 8.24 ).
∆ T 0 , .. fx, :
∆ F 2 = fx ∆ T 0/ T 0.
∆ F fx δ F, %, ;
∆ F = ∆ F 1 + ∆ F 2 = [1 / T 0 + fx (∆ T 0/ T 0)];
δ F = δ F 1 + δ F 2 = [1 / T 0 fx + ∆ T 0/ T 0 ].
fx (. 8.25 8.25 ) .
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. , T 0 = 1 c ∆ T 0 = 2 . fx = 1 .
∆ F 1 ∆ F 2 , :
∆ F 1 = 1 / T 0 = 1; fx ∆ T 0/ T 0 = 1000 ∙ 2 ∙ 10‒ 3 / 1 = 2.
δ F 1, δ F 2 , %, :
δ F 1 = (∆ F 1/ fx)100 = (1 / 1000)100 = 0,1;
δ F 2 = (∆ F 2/ fx)100 = (2 / 1000)100 = 0,2.
∆ F , δ F %, fx :
∆ F = ∆ F 1 + ∆ F 2 = 3;
δ F = δ F 1 + δ F 2 = 3.
. (. 8.26 ), (. 8.26 ). 1 ( 1) , 2 ( 2) , Tx .
Tx. 3 ( 3) F 0, . , 4 ( 4), Nx Tx:
Nx = Ent [ Tx / T 0 ] = Ent [ TxF 0 ],
Ent [...] [...]; T 0 .
, .
. , , F 0 = 1 , Nx = 1520, Tx = 1,52 c.
, .. . , .
, F 0 (, F 01 = 1.0 ; F 02 = 10 ; F 03 = 100 ; F 04 = 1,0 ), .
∆ T ( ) Tx, , : ∆ T 1 ∆ T 2, () F 0 .
∆ T 1, (. 8.27 ). ∆ T 2, () (. 8.27 ).
F 0, , Tx, N 1. , , F 0 + ∆ F 0, Tx : N 2 > N 1. , .. , () T (. 8.27 ).
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∆ T Tx δ T %, :
∆ T = ∆ T 1 + ∆ T 2 = [1 / F 0 + Tx (∆ F 0/ F 0)];
δ T = δ T 1 + δ T 2 = (1 / F 0 Tx + ∆ F 0/ F 0).
Tx (. 8.28). , Tx ( fx), , . Tx ( ) .
1 , - ?
2 ?
3 ?
4 ?
5 ?