1
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. :
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- , , , . - XVIII XIX ., .
.
. , . . , , - .
- 1860 ., . () . .
- :
1. , .
) :
- (Na, Ca, Fe, Cu ..),
- : (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe),
- , Si, B, Se, As, Te.
) :
- ,
- : (H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, P4, S8) (NH3, CO, CO2, SO3, SO2, NO2, H2S, H2O, 22 .).
) :
- (NaCl, CaSO4, K3PO4, MgCO3 .),
- (NaOH, KOH, NH4OH) (HCl, H3PO4, H2SO4).
2. , :
- , , ;
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- , , , ..
- .
3. , :
- ;
- .
4. , , . , .
5. , . , .
6. , , .
7. , . .
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. .. , . , , .
, ( ).
( , ) , .
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.
, m(H)=1,6710-27 , 1,0610-10 .
, , .
: Al0 3e- → Al3+,
S0 + 2e- → S2-
, (, ), ( m).
, - (, m()= 1,99310-26 ), , , , .. 1/12 12, (...).
:
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m(...)= 1/12 m()=1/121,99310-26 = 1,6610-27 = 1,6610-24
(r) (r relative - ) , 1/12 12.
r ...
(r) , 1/12 12.
(1) (2) , r Mr .
(1) (2) :
m() = Ar 1,6610-27
m() = r 1,6610-27
,
r = ∑ Ar
, r (2) = 2 Ar (O) = 216=32,
r (H2O) = 2 Ar (H) + Ar (O) = 21 + 16=18,
r (2SO4) = 2 Ar (H) + Ar (S) + 4Ar (O) = 21+32+ 416=98.
r (, ) .
:
r ()=r( ) +n Mr(H2O)
:
r(Na2SO410H2O) = r (Na2SO4) + 10r(H2O) = 142 + 1018 =322
r , n , .
...
:
r(O2) = 32 ..., r(H2O) = 18 ..., r(2SO4) = 98 ...
Ar - .
r - .
. .
(ν) . 1 .
1 - , (, ), 12 (0,012 ) 12.
.. 12 1,99310-23 , 12 12 N = 12/1,99310-23 = 6,021023 .
:
- , , , 6,021023 .
, , . :
1 6,021023 Fe, .. .
1 6,021023 H2O, .. .
1 - 6,021023 NaCl ( ).
1 CuSO45H2O - 6,021023 , CuSO4 H2O.