, . , .
, , . , . 1833 . 1899 .
1894 . . . , , -
1 , . X, . 8459.
. , . , . -, . . -. . , , . : , . 1899 . . .
, XVIII, XIX . XX . : . = 4 ; ^ 4 .
. XVIII . : = 500 = 1000 . =1000 1754 .1 - . 1766 . 2, ,
1 , . 17, 12570.
2 . , 12659.
, . e. , 500 .
XVIII . , XIX . , 500 . : 213,36X500 = = 1066,8 , . . .
XVIII . : , .
= 10 = 50 .
= 5 .
= 10 .
= 10 = 100 .
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|
= 10 .
, : , .
1835 . :
= 500 = 1,0668 .
= 3 = 7 = 213,36 .
=4 = 16 = 28 = = 71,12 .
= 4 = 17,77 .
= 4,44 .
= 12 =30,48 .
=10 = 2,54 . _
= 10 = 2,54 .
. (, 20- 10- ). -
. 4, 8, 16, 32 64 . 100 . , , .
, , , . , = 66/7 , = 13/4 . , , .
.
XVIII XIX . . 1835 . . = 7 , = 28 . ( ), : , , , .
. XVIII XIX . , XVII . 1709 . \ 7137 . (1625) 2.
XVIII . . . , 1754 ., , 1 5 : -
1 .: л, . 17. ., 1853, , . 6690.
2 . , . 3565.
80 , 30 1. . , , 10 . , . , , .
1754 . , 1000 . 1 6 , , , , , , 1000 .
, 1766 .2, . . 12 . 96 , 80, 30 . 1766 . ( ). , . XVIII . .
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, . . , . .
1 , . XIV, 10237.
2 , . XVII, 12570.
, XVII ., . 2400 , XVIII, XIX XX . , , 3200 , 80 40 .
, , , , . . , 100 40 , 4000 . , . , , 100 , , 10 000 .
.
. = 2 = 4 = = 8 . XVIII . XVIII . . = 2400 (80X30 ). .
. XVIII ., , .
XVIII . , 1679 ., . , . , : , , , -, , , , , , , .
. , . ' . , , , . , , , , , '. , . , . . .
XVII . . . , XVIII . . . , . , , . , XVIII . , .
- XVIII . 1725 . . , , , 2.
1 . , . 248, . 1/1655, . 1, . 106106 .
2 , . 152 .
. ( XVII .) . <> , XVIII . , . . . : , . , . , !.
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XVIII . .
17361742 ., , . . . , .
. . - . . . , , , - 2. ( , , XVIII .)
, ,
1 . , . 248, . 3/1057, . 220.
2 , . 2/1656, . 586.
. , , .-. .-. . : 286,42 *.
, , . .-. .-. , . , .
, , 4,5 2. , , 91,125 3, : 286,421 X 9125 3 = 26 100,113625 3. , , = 26 100 3, 26 100X8 = 208 800 3, 208 800 t 4, 208 800 . , 63% 3, * 208 800 63 V V
= 131 544 , 131,544 . =
1 . , . 248, . 2/1656, . 586.
2 .: . . . XVIII . л, 1962, 4, . 130132.
3 .: , . II, ., 1889, . 468469. XIX ., , 685730 ( () . ).
16,38 . 131,544:16,38 = 8 .
, XVIII . , 8 .
17361742 . . , , , ... , , , , . , ', . . . , , 8 , 7 10 , . , , , 8 .
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XVIII . , 70- XVIII . , , 7 10 , 8 2. , . XVIII . 9 . . - II
1 . , . 248, . 2/1656, . 562.
2 , . , 1, . 12, . 61 .
1. . , 8 . 9 . . .
17361742 . , 288 . 8 , 2 (6X6 = 36X8 = 288 ). , , , . , 18321842 . , 17361742 . 1835 ., , 64 = 13'/ , 1601,22 . , 17361742 .: 288X91,125 3 = 26 244 000 3, 26 244 = 26 244 , , . , , XIX ., 1835 ., : 64X409,512 = 26 209 = 26 209 .
1 . , . XVI, . 595 . 42 .
2 . , . 248, . 2/1656, . 612 .
8 . 03% , :
(64 63):100= 40,32 ., 40,32 . X 8 = 322,56;
322,85: 40 = 8 . 26 .
, , =1/8 . , 1/8 .
. XIX XX . , , , . . .
.
XVIII XX . , 64 t=13 1/3 , 8 . . :
= 8 .
= 8 .
:
=2 ().
= 2 .
= 2 .
. XVIII . . , ; , , .
. 40 . . 10 . , XVII . , , XVIII . .
, , - , . . , . , .
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|
, : , , , , 1.
. , . : , , .
XVIII . . 17361742 . .
17361742 . , , , . , , .-. .-. . -
1 . , . 248, . 2/1656, . 297 .
, , , . . , I1. , 136,297 . 8 , :
U = irR2H; 136,297 = 3,14 R2 X 8;
136,297 = 25,12R2
136,297 25,12
= 5,43; Rj5,43 2,33.
= 2,33X2 = 4,66 .
, 8 136,297 4,66 . 4,5 , 4,44 . 20,97 (4,66X4,5).
, , . 1 = 4,5 , 1 = 91,125 3. : 136,297 X 91,125 = 12 420,064125 3; 1 /3; , 12 420,064 125 X1 = 12 420,064 125 , 12,5 . , 12 400, 064 125: 409,512 = 30,537 .
, . , , , XVIII . .
1 . , . 248, . 2/1656, . 546.
. : ½, ¼, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16. . . , 7 , , , . , 7s , , , XVII . lib 8 .
XVIII . 12 , XVII ., . 10 8. XIX . XX .
1835 . . , 7 , t=1373P 3 , 75,06 . () 1, . . , .
XVIII . : , , , , . , , , . . () XVI .2
1 , . X, 8459.
2 .: . . . (XIII XVI .). , . IV. ., 1955, . 206.
.
XVIII . , . - . , , , 17361742 . - 1. , , . . . . , . , . , , , . . : , 231 , 282 . , , , , 231 . 4209,375 3, . . 4 , 10 .
XVIII . : ; , , , . . ; . , , , , . -
1 . , . 248, . 2/1656, . 239243.
, , , , , , , . , . , . , . , , , , , , , , .
, .
XVIII . . .
XVIII . , 1835 . . , 30 . = 7 ; , = 1/ ; , , =1/2 ; = 1\ ; = 1/0 ; , = V200 . . 7, 7-4, 7 . 7 . .
.
XVIII . . , , , . . , .
XVIII . :
, = 40 = 4 .
= 10 .
= 2 = 4 = 6 .
= 8 = 16 = 32 .
= 10 .
= 10 .
12,5 .
= 1,5 .
= 2 .
= 5 .
() =180 = 60 .
= 3 .
= 3 .
= 2 .
= 2 .
= 2 .
, , .
1835 . . , 30 .
XIX XX .
= 4 = 10 , = = 20 = 40 , - = 100 = 200 .
= 5 = 10 , = 25 = 50 .
= 2 = 5 = = 10 .
() =2,5 = 5 .
= 2 .
= 4 = 16 = 32 .
= 4 = 8 .
= 2 .
. : 72 74 78- 7 .
. XVIII XX . . XVIII . XIX XX .
XVIII . : , , , , , .
= 10 .
=40 .
= 96 .
= 6 = 20 = 96 .
.
. 10 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; 10 , 5 , 3 1 . (, , ) . , -
. 48 , 24 , 12 , 6 , 3 , 2 1 . .
XVIII . , 32 3 .