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(Aristeas), . (, II (285247 . .)) . , , , . , , 6 . ( , 72), 72 . , , . .

(, , ), , , , , - . , , , .

, :

, ;

, ( , );

- .

:

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, .

 

. targûm trgm, . , , .

. , . , , . . . , , , . , , , . (138 .) , . .

(. 8:7-8). 200 .

. , , . (), , [10].

. , ― IV . , , . . , , , , .

700 ., .

, , [11].

 

― , . , . 382 . . , , . , , . .

 

― .

 

, . , : ( , ), , . II- . . . 4 , - ( , ). , , , .

, . , : (, , . .), . ( unicial, , ; , 1/12 ). , . , , . , VII . , , IX , . . , . , .

 

Early Jewish Writings
Title Type Date Purpose
Sopherim Textual 400 b.c.a.d. 200 Standardization of pure text
Midrash Textual interpretation and commentary 100 b.c.a.d. 300 Doctrinal and homiletical exposition
Tosefta Addition or supplement a.d. 100500 Teachings and traditions of the Tannaim
Talmud Textual instructions a.d. 100500 Contains the Mishnah and the Germarah
Mishnah Repetitions, teaching a.d. 200 Oral laws and traditions
Gemara Commentary a.d. 200500 Supplement or expanded commentary on the Mishnah
Masoretes Commentary a.d. 500950 Inserted vowel pointsmoderate texual criticism

[12]

, 5- 3- . . ( ). Zugoth ( -) 2- 1- . . ( ). Tannaim (, ) ― (200 . . .). , , . 200 , ().

( ) . , , . , , . ― . , , .

( ― , ) ― 100 . . . 300 . . . , . : Halakah (procedure) ― Haggada () ― , , . , . , , .

() ― 100 300 . . -. . , , (100 .) , , .

( ― limmēd - ) 100 500- . . ( ) 200- . , ( ), . 6 : , , , , . ( gmar ). ― , , , . , . (200 .) (500 .), . , ( ― )[13].

 


[1] , 11- , , , .

 

[2] F. F. Bruce, The Books and the Parchments, p. 129. See also Gleason L. Archer, Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, p. 44.

[3] Annals 18 and 24, in Hallo and Younger, Context of Scripture, vol. 2, p. 286.

[4] Ibid., p. 296.

[5] Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 9.7; also see 13.9. It should be noted that Josephus misplaces this incident, putting it in the period of Alexander the Great, a century later than Nehemiahs record. He does, however, name the priest, Manasseh, and relates that the temple at Shechem was built for him; he also refers to the Samaritans as Cutheans.

[6] However, its script may be the result of a deliberate attempt to give it an archaistic character, as in the case of that manuscript attributed to Abishua, the great-grandson of Aaron. Cf. J. D. Douglas, ed., The New Bible Dictionary, p. 1257.

[7] R. Laird Harris, Inspiration and Canonicity of the Bible, p. 143.

[8] It was highly esteemed by Morinus, who first published the text in 1632; Wilhelm Gesenius condemned it as nearly worthless in 1815; Sir Frederic Kenyon, following Geiger and Kahle, renders it as valuable to the study of textual criticism. See Archer, p. 44.

 

[9] Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1996, c1986). A general introduction to the Bible. Includes indexes. Includes a short-title checklist of English translations of the Bible (chronologically arranged). (Rev. and expanded.) ( 497). Chicago: Moody Press.

[10] Aquila is the name of the scholar who made a slavishly literal Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament as a substitute for the LXX (discussion below); the confusion of the names was undoubtedly enhanced by the rigid rendering of the text of this Targum, which is itself regarded as a recension by many scholars.

[11] Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1996, c1986). A general introduction to the Bible. Includes indexes. Includes a short-title checklist of English translations of the Bible (chronologically arranged). (Rev. and expanded.) ( 501). Chicago: Moody Press.

[12]Archer, G. L. (1998, c1994). A survey of Old Testament introduction ([3rd. ed.].). Chicago: Moody Press.

[13] Archer, G. L. (1998, c1994). A survey of Old Testament introduction ([3rd. ed.].). Chicago: Moody Press.





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