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(. 8:7-8). 200 .
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Early Jewish Writings | |||
Title | Type | Date | Purpose |
Sopherim | Textual | 400 b.c.a.d. 200 | Standardization of pure text |
Midrash | Textual interpretation and commentary | 100 b.c.a.d. 300 | Doctrinal and homiletical exposition |
Tosefta | Addition or supplement | a.d. 100500 | Teachings and traditions of the Tannaim |
Talmud | Textual instructions | a.d. 100500 | Contains the Mishnah and the Germarah |
Mishnah | Repetitions, teaching | a.d. 200 | Oral laws and traditions |
Gemara | Commentary | a.d. 200500 | Supplement or expanded commentary on the Mishnah |
Masoretes | Commentary | a.d. 500950 | Inserted vowel pointsmoderate texual criticism |
[12]
, 5- 3- . . ( ). Zugoth ( -) 2- 1- . . ( ). Tannaim (, ) ― (200 . . .). , , . 200 , ().
( ) . , , . , , . ― . , , .
( ― , ) ― 100 . . . 300 . . . , . : Halakah (procedure) ― Haggada () ― , , . , . , , .
() ― 100 300 . . -. . , , (100 .) , , .
( ― limmēd - ) 100 500- . . ( ) 200- . , ( ), . 6 : , , , , . ( gmar ). ― , , , . , . (200 .) (500 .), . , ( ― )[13].
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[1] , 11- , , , .
[2] F. F. Bruce, The Books and the Parchments, p. 129. See also Gleason L. Archer, Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, p. 44.
[3] Annals 18 and 24, in Hallo and Younger, Context of Scripture, vol. 2, p. 286.
[4] Ibid., p. 296.
[5] Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 9.7; also see 13.9. It should be noted that Josephus misplaces this incident, putting it in the period of Alexander the Great, a century later than Nehemiahs record. He does, however, name the priest, Manasseh, and relates that the temple at Shechem was built for him; he also refers to the Samaritans as Cutheans.
[6] However, its script may be the result of a deliberate attempt to give it an archaistic character, as in the case of that manuscript attributed to Abishua, the great-grandson of Aaron. Cf. J. D. Douglas, ed., The New Bible Dictionary, p. 1257.
[7] R. Laird Harris, Inspiration and Canonicity of the Bible, p. 143.
[8] It was highly esteemed by Morinus, who first published the text in 1632; Wilhelm Gesenius condemned it as nearly worthless in 1815; Sir Frederic Kenyon, following Geiger and Kahle, renders it as valuable to the study of textual criticism. See Archer, p. 44.
[9] Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1996, c1986). A general introduction to the Bible. Includes indexes. Includes a short-title checklist of English translations of the Bible (chronologically arranged). (Rev. and expanded.) ( 497). Chicago: Moody Press.
[10] Aquila is the name of the scholar who made a slavishly literal Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament as a substitute for the LXX (discussion below); the confusion of the names was undoubtedly enhanced by the rigid rendering of the text of this Targum, which is itself regarded as a recension by many scholars.
[11] Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1996, c1986). A general introduction to the Bible. Includes indexes. Includes a short-title checklist of English translations of the Bible (chronologically arranged). (Rev. and expanded.) ( 501). Chicago: Moody Press.
[12]Archer, G. L. (1998, c1994). A survey of Old Testament introduction ([3rd. ed.].). Chicago: Moody Press.
[13] Archer, G. L. (1998, c1994). A survey of Old Testament introduction ([3rd. ed.].). Chicago: Moody Press.