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2000 . . - . - , 70 , .. . . , , .

, , -, , , -, .

, .. , .

, , , . , , . : , - . , .

, , . , letting. - . , , , . , letting -ing. A , -ing - . lett. ( 10), -ing . t, lt , .

, , - 3- , .. -(e)s. , , , (he) plays play, processes process.

, .

 
body bodies . : i.
easy easier : i.
  easiest
to try he tries : -es, -ed i.
  he tried
easy easily -l.
die dying : ie .
hope hoping "" -ing.
to put putting -ing, -ed, -er, -est.
to beg begged
hot hotter
  hottest

. , . "" (), , . , , :

Hope is eternal. I hope to see you tomorrow.

hope - ; . hope - ; : . , , "" (). . , 7.

. , . , , :

1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ?; 5) ; 6) .

. . , .

: Putting two and two together we got the right answer. , two and two, we , . , .

letting , putting put. : put , . : put - . , putting - , , .

we , . putting , . , ..., : , .... , , . , together. , . . : . -, . , : , .... - got. , to get, . , , got - II to get. get "" - ! the right answer, get. the right answer. , . ? , , , .. answer. n (noun - ). : ... . right . , , - : , , , . : , ... . , get get , . - got. , , : , . , . , . , <> , . put, put together , : to put together , ,... to put two and two together , . , : , . : , .

, , :

1. .

2. .

3. , , ,

4. ("") .

. , . .

ON DICTIONARY-MAKING

People seem to think that nothing in the world is less interesting than dictionary-making But this is a mistake.

Dictionary -making is in fact (1) an interesting job and interesting people are attracted to it.

One of these interesting people was Samuel Johnson (2) who produced his dictionary n April 15, 1755. In Dr Samuel Johnson's days, dictionary-making was different from what it is now. It was a one-man operation. Dr Johnson had some help with his (3), but it was his dictionary. And a number of men (4) in his era, including two actors, published dictionaries on their own (5). Another difference was that these men themselves tried to decide what was to be included and what not.

The modem dictionary-maker is more scientific. All words get his attention and he tries to include the word people use and show how they use them, and what these words mean.

The dictionary-maker of today has to keep his dictionary up-to-date. A fast changing world creates a fast-changing language - new words for new tools, new weapons, new processes, new fields (6) (such as automation), new ideas. Many new words win places in dictionaries as permanent words. Sometimes words are included for a time and dropped out it new editions. Today more than ever dictionary-making is a job a scientist who knows not only books but the world around him.

Although the one-man dictionary is a thing of history the number of men in the United States today who are dictionary-makers is still very few. Perhaps not more than half a dozen. These experts, however, are able to do their job by finding other experts to help them. One of the above-mentioned half-dozen says that he had to call in about 350 other specialists in various fields during the work on the American College Dictionary, one of the several new dictionaries that have appeared since the Second World War. In mis age of growing knowledge no man is able to do the job alone without the aid of other scientists.

A great event in all dictionary-making was the appearance of the Oxford English Dictionary, which the general public (7) seldom sees. It is complete in more than twenty volumes. It contains 414,825 words and 1,827,306 quotations which show the use of the words. To give one example: the word and letter "A" are explained in eleven and a half columns of small type.

(1) in fact - ,

(2) Dr Samuel Johnson ['sxmju:ql GOnsn] - (1709-1784), . Dr Doctor ['dOktq].

(3) with his = with his dictionary -

(4) a number of men - . a number .

(5) on their own - , ,

(6) new fields - ( field - - 17)

(7) the general public -

40 . "" . . college, era, expert, history, operation, public, specialist, automation . column , , modem (. ), permanent (. , ), produce (. ), type (. ). contain , . container , , . attract , , , , . difference different , ( 7), .

knowledge know .

call in , - call in; up-to-data ; , up-to-data , .

 

1. . , .

2 , . .

3. :

flies, tries, helping, changing, hopping, hoping, busiest, redder, dropped, examples

.

4. - .

5. - , :

trying, meeting, running, shouting, crying, organizing, digging, swimming,, skating, begging

6. , , :

Mary stopped studding English. I like reading poetry. He told us about his having bought a new dictionary. We seldom read his translations without seeing half a dozen mistakes in them. We are considering buying a car. Stop making so much noise. We know about the new edition having appeared. Mentioning this event will not help you. The question needs including in the text. We know of your having tried to do it alone. Flying is the fastest way of going from one place to another. I remember this weapon having been mentioned in the history of the First World War. I don't remember her telling us her age. They tried to attract our attention by shouting and gun-firing. Nobody likes being laughed at.

7. 11 :

up-to-data, rapid, instrument, different, pull, modem, fast, tool, attract, event, people, baby, increase, fact, public, era, child, number, grow, figure, age, various

8. 7 :

pull, alone, slow, explain, up-to-data, ever, push, together, never, understand

9. .





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