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FAQ

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12 ⇒



(Perfect Continuous Tenses)

Perfect Continuous , - . Continuous ( 15) Perfect ( 16).

; to have been . .

to have Past Participle Present Participle
Present I have been working ()
Past I had been working ()
Future I shall been have working ()

: Have I been working? Had I been working? Shall I have been working?

not : I have not been working. I had not been working; I shall not have been working.

Present Continuous. , . :

We have been using this method for some time. .
Have you been waiting long? () ?
The level of water has been rising all the time. .

. , "" .

Present Perfect Continuous , , , Present Perfect ( 16), , Continuous.

Perfect Continuous . , Present Perfect Continuous .

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been waiting for an hour before the train came in. , .
The boy had been walking for a long time and he felt hot. , .

, Past Perfect Continuous, - ( , ) (. 1- ).

Past Perfect Continuous , .

Future Perfect Continuous

By the end of the day the engine will have been working forty eight hours. 48 .

: , .

Future Perfect Continuous , .

Perfect Continuous

:

I have been living here since my father died. People about whom we have been speaking are our friends. You have not been paying any attention to grammar. That is why you have been making many mistakes. The water in the river had been rising for a long time and there was a danger of flood.

2. " "

( " ")

, . :

is known to be a good scientist. , ( ...).
His methods are said to be very interesting. , .

- , : , . , . , ... .. - , - .

The meeting is expected to open at three. , 3
The secretary was heard to say so. , .
is considered to be a good speaker. .

, , , .. : to say , to report , to see , to hear , to know , to believe , , to expect , to consider , to think .

, , . , - to seem ( 9). : The story seems to be true Pacc, , (, , , ).

:

The rhino was seen to lie among the grass. , .
is believed to know English. , .
The expedition is expected to return next month. , .
The shape of the vessel is said to be round () , .
No fishes are know to exist at such depth (, ).
They seem happy. , , .

, .

:

is expected to come at any moment. dark was seen to kill the annimal The scientist was considered to know all about those maps. The enemy was reported to have been beaten. Oil and coal are known to be the main kinds of fuel. He seems to be ill.

-ness

-ness , .

great - greatness

ready - readiness

useful -usefulness

business , , (. busy , 10).

[i]: sit, ship, little, build, building, still, differ

[i:]: feet, meet, sleep, bean, reach, reason ['ri:zn], increase [in'kri:z]

:

[i] [i:]: ship, sheep; fit, feet; slip, sleep; rich, reach; bin, bean

. .

SECOND SPUTNIK LAUNCHED
I

One month after the launching of the first man-made satellite, Russian scientists, engineers and technicians launched the second babymoon into space.

The second sputnik was not quite the same as the first satellite. Its design was different and its size and weight were far greater. It differs from it as a man differs from a baby. The first sputnik weighed about 84 kilograms, while Sputnik 2 (1) carried instruments. equipment and the dog, which together weighed 508.3 kilograms. The first sputnik rose to a height of 900 kilometers, while the second rose to 1,700 km, that is, almost twice as high as the first satellite. The firs sputnik was much lower, it was closer to the earth. Thus both the weight and the height of the second sputnik increased.

The first baby-moon had only the most necessary equipment, the second carried a number of instruments, from instruments for research in solar radiation to measuring devices which transmit scientific data to the earth.

The dog passenger was considered to be the most important fact about the second man-made moon. It also carried food and instruments that operated automatically and showed how a living organism functioned in cosmic space.

It is a fact that test flights of dogs in rockets to heights of 100 or 200 km have been carried out many times in this country. The dogs made the flights safely. However, flight in an ordinary rocket is not quite the same as flight in an earth satellite. The dogs who had been sent up in rockets spent only a short time at a great height and still shorter time in a state of weightlessness. In the present experiments the living organism for the first time met the conditions of space flight on a large scale.

II

The first satellite was the first step towards the conquest of space by man. But, for many reasons the second man-made moon was expected to supply more data to solve a number of problems.

Nearly 70 research centers and some 30 radio clubs conducted observations on Sputniks Nos 1 and 2.

The new sputnik was a real cosmic laboratory where automatic instruments registered solar radiation and temperature and pressure in cosmic space. The data transmitted by the instruments were compared with data collected by ground observers. Ground observations were conducted by solar observatories and by many ordinary men, women and even children who wanted to help science.

As the Director of the Smithsonian (2) Astrophysical Observatory (USA) said, the second sputnik was a six times more serious (3) scientific achievement.

(1) Sputnik No. 2 - - : No. = , Nos=

(2) Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - . Smithsonian Institution - - , 30- , , .

(3) six times more serious -

, . , . , astrophysical, centrum cosmic, director, experiment, observatory, organism, problem, radiation, satellite, telegram. : function ; number ; operate ; ordinary ; reason ; report ; rocket ; scale ; technician ; serious .

:

condition - ( )

dog - ( )

measure -

transmit -

meet -

conduct -

differ -

conductor different .

carry out : carry . Flight to fly ; observe, observer, observation observatory ; weightlessness weight + less + ness, . twice , two, twenty, twelve (2,20,12).

space , , . -: time and space ; a space of 100 miles 100 ; an open space ; the piano takes up too much space ; not enough space between the houses ; . space cosmic space . spaceship spaceman , . (Reading).

consider, design, expect, far, important, increase, low, quite, recently, short, solve, space, spend, still. .

. . .

SPACE FERRY (1): STEP TO PERMANENT MANNED STATION

The successful ferrying of new supplies to the Salyut-6 space station was another big step forward on the road to a really permanent manned station (2) in space.

Progress-1, the "cargo ship", was, in effect (3), a Soyuz ferry shell without most of the electronic equipment and the life support system (4).

The space so saved was used to put in more supplies and equipment for the station.

This cargo was taken from the ferry by the Salyut crew, Georgi Grechko and Yury Romanenko. When it was empty, they loaded in it all the used up things they accumulated in their long weeks in space.

Progress-1 was then launched and burned by the heat of friction as it dropped into the atmosphere.

The success of Progress-1 means that there is no reason in principle why the Salyut cannot be supplied indefinitely.

And, of course, further development can lead to the construction of automatic cargo vessels which can return to Earth and be used for many journeys.

The cargo carried up to Salyut-6 included fuel and equipment and supplies for the crew members and for new research programs.

(1) space ferry - " ",

(2) manned station - ;

(3) in effect - .

(4) life support system -

16-20 250 . 850 .

achievement [ q'Ci:vmqnt ]
anniversary [,xni'vq:sqri ]
astrophysical [,xstrq'fizikq ]
baby [ 'beibi ] ,
carry out [ 'kxri 'aut ]
centre [ 'sentq ]
compare [ kqm'pFq ]
condition [ kqn'diSn ]
conduct [ kqn'dAkt ] ,
consider [ kqn'sidq ] , ,
cosmic [ 'kOzmik ]
data [ 'deitq ]
design [ di'zain ] , ,
device [ di'vais ] ,
differ [ 'difq ]
director [ di'rektq ] ,
dog [ dOg ]
expect [ 'ikspekt ] ,
experiment [ iks'perimqnt ] ,
far [ fa: ] ,
flight [ flait ]
function [ 'fANkSn ] ,
important [ im'pO:tqnt ]
increase [ in'kri:z ] ()
launch [ lO:nC ] , , (), ( ), ( )
low [ lou ]
man-made [ 'mxn 'meid ] ,
measure [ 'mqZq ] ,
meet [ mi:t ] ()
moon [ mu:n ]
number [ 'nAmbq ] , ; a namber
observation [,Obzq'veiSn ]
observatory [ qb'zq:vqtri ]
observe [ qb'zq:v ]
observer [ qb'zq:vq ]
operate [ 'Opqreit ] ,
ordinary [ 'O:dnri ]
organism [ 'O:gqnizm ]
problem [ 'prOblqm ]
radiation [,reidi'eiSn ] ,
reason [ 'ri:zn ] , , ,
research [ ri'sq:C ] (.),
rocket [ 'rOkit ]
satellite [ 'sxtqlait ] ,
scale [ skeil ] ,
serious [ 'siqruqs ]
short [ SO:t ]
solve [ sOlv ] ,
space [ speis ] ,
spend [ spend ] , ()
step [ step ]
still [ stil ] ,
technician [ tek'niSn ]
test [ test ] ,
transmit [ trxnz'mit ]
twice [ twais ]
weightlessness [ 'weitlisnis ]
flood [ flAd ] ,
report [ ri'pO:t ]
believe [ bi'li:v ]
slip [ slip ] ,

 

1. to consider to observe Present Perfect Continuous, to meet - Past Perfect Continuous.

2. , :

conditions, far, increase, low, to meet, number, solve, spend, still

How much did you... on the experiment? Tell us the... of the test. We must... the problem. I am going to the station... my father. Do you... live there? What is the... of your house? The door is too...; we must bend. We must... the number of test flight. How... is your house from the center of the city?

3. 8 :

far, short, low, recently, large, transmit, ordinary, last, near, small, high, long, special, first, long ago, receive

4. Present Perfect Continuous, , :

We (to consider) your design. The number of books sold (to increase) lately. We (to expect) you. So far they (to do) nothing to help me. I (to think) about it all the time. We (to receive) no letters from home. The girl (to meet) him on her way home every day.

5. :

The dog is thought to be man's best friend. These flights are considered to give important data. They are expected to compare their reports. These measures are thought to be more exact. He did not seem to be afraid. Too much radiation is know to be dangerous.

6. ("Space Ferry") . ferry.

 

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