.1.
(r) 20, /
, % | H2SO4 | HNO3 | HCl | KOH | NaOH | NH3 |
1,0116 | 1,0091 | 1,0081 | 1,0155 | 1,0207 | 0, 9855 | |
1,0250 | 1,0202 | 1,0179 | 1,0330 | 1,0428 | 0,9811 | |
1,0385 | 1,0314 | 1,0278 | 1,0509 | 1,0648 | 0,9730 | |
1,0522 | 1,0427 | 1,0377 | 1,0690 | 1,0869 | 0,9651 | |
1,0661 | 1,0543 | 1,0476 | 1,0873 | 1,1089 | 0,9575 | |
1,0802 | 1,0660 | 1,0576 | 1,1059 | 1,1309 | 0,9502 | |
1,0947 | 1,0780 | 1,0676 | 1,1246 | 1,1530 | 0,9431 | |
1,1094 | 1,0901 | 1,0777 | 1,1435 | 1,1751 | 0,9361 | |
1,1245 | 1,1025 | 1,0878 | 1,1626 | 1,1971 | 0,9294 | |
1,1398 | 1,1150 | 1,0980 | 1,1818 | 1,2192 | 0,9228 | |
1,1554 | 1,1277 | 1,1083 | 1,2014 | 1,2412 | 0,9164 | |
1,1714 | 1,1406 | 1,1185 | 1,2210 | 1,2631 | 0,9102 | |
1,1872 | 1,1536 | 1,1288 | 1,2408 | 1,2848 | 0,9040 | |
1,2031 | 1,1668 | 1,1391 | 1,2609 | 1,3064 | 0,8980 | |
1,2191 | 1,1801 | 1,1492 | 1,2813 | 1,327 | 0,8920 | |
1,2325 | 1,1934 | 1,1594 | 1,3020 | 1,3488 | 0,8863 | |
1,2518 | 1,2068 | 1,1693 | 1,3240 | 1,3697 | 0,8809 | |
1,2685 | 1,2022 | 1,1791 | 1,3460 | 1,3901 | ||
1,2855 | 1,2335 | 1,1886 | 1,3670 | 1,4102 | ||
1,3028 | 1,2466 | 1,1977 | 1,3881 | 1,4299 | ||
1,3205 | 1,259 | 1,410 | 1,449 | |||
1,3386 | 1,272 | 1,433 | 1,468 | |||
1,3570 | 1,285 | 1,456 | 1,487 | |||
1,3759 | 1,297 | 1,4790 | 1,506 | |||
1,3952 | 1,310 | 1,5224 | 1,525 | |||
1,4149 | 1,322 | |||||
1,4351 | 1,333 | |||||
1,4558 | 1,345 | |||||
1,4770 | 1,356 | |||||
1,4987 | 1,367 |
. .1.
, % | H2SO4 | HNO3 | 34 | 3 | NaCl | |||
, % | r, / | - , % | r, / | - , % | r, / | |||
1,520 | 1,377 | 1,025 | 1.0041 | 1.0053 | ||||
1,542 | 1,386 | 1,053 | 1.0098 | 1.0125 | ||||
1,565 | 1,396 | 1,082 | 1.0154 | 1.0268 | ||||
1,587 | 1,405 | 1,113 | 1.0208 | 1.0413 | ||||
1,6105 | 1,413 | 1,180 | 1.0261 | 1.0559 | ||||
1,634 | 1,422 | 1,254 | 1.0312 | 1.0707 | ||||
1,657 | 1,430 | 1,335 | 1.0360 | 1.0857 | ||||
1,681 | 1,437 | 1.0405 | 1.1009 | |||||
1,704 | 1,445 | 1.0448 | 1.1162 | |||||
1,7272 | 1,452 | 1.0488 | 1.1319 | |||||
1,749 | 1,459 | 1.0525 | 1.1478 | |||||
1,769 | 1,465 | 1.0559 | 1.1640 | |||||
1,802 | 1,477 | 1.0590 | 1.1804 | |||||
1,8144 | 1,482 | 1.0618 | 1.1972 | |||||
1,8240 | 1,487 | |||||||
1,8312 | 1,491 | |||||||
1,8355 | 1,497 | |||||||
1,8361 | 1,505 | |||||||
1,8305 | 1,513 |
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|
.2.
, × / | , × / | |
0,52 | 1,86 | |
2,57 | 5,10 | |
3,69 | 5,87 | |
1,16 | ||
1,50 | 2,40 | |
3,89 | 4,90 | |
2,02 | 1,73 |
. 3.
= 273
Li+ | Na+ | K+ | NH4+ | Ag+ | 2+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Sr2+ | Ba2+ | Cu2+ | Zn2+ | Hg2+ | Sn2+ | Pb2+ | Mn2+ | Fe2+ | Co2+ | Cd2+ | Ni2+ | Al3+ | Cr3+ | Fe3+ | |
OH- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
F- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cl- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Br- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
I- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CO32- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CN- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CNS- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
NO2- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
NO3- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
S2- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SO32- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SO42- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
PO43- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SiO32- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CH3COO- |
(>10/ 2); (100,1/ 2); (<0,01 / 2); .
.4.
b = 298
b | pKb | ||||
CH3COOH | 1.74×10-5 | 4.76 | AgOH | 5.0×10-3 | 2.30 |
HBrO | 2.06×10-9 | 8.69 | Al(OH)3 | (I) 7.41×10-9 (II) 2.14×10-9 (III) 1.05×10-9 | 8.13 8.67 8.98 |
HCN | 4.93×10-10 | 9.31 | Ba(OH)2 | (II) 2.3×10-1 | 0.64 |
H2CO3 | (I) 4.27×10-7 (II) 4.68×10-11 | 6.37 10.33 | Ca(OH)2 | (II) 5.8×10-2 | 1.23 |
H2C2O4 | (I) 6.46×10-2 (II) 6.17×10-5 | 1.19 4.21 | Cd(OH)2 | (I) 8.13×10-4 (II) 4.17×10-7 | 3.09 6.38 |
HCOOH | 1.78×10-4 | 3.75 | Co(OH)2 | (I) 7.9×10-5 (II) 7.9×10-6 | 4.10 5.10 |
HClO | 2.82×10-8 | 7.55 | Cr(OH)2 | (II) 3.98×10-8 | 7.40 |
H2Cr2O4 | (II) 3.16×10-7 | 6.50 | Cu(OH)2 | (I) 6.61×10-8 | 7.18 |
H2Cr2O7 | (II) 2.29×10-2 | 1.64 | Fe(OH)2 | (I) 1.2×10-2 (II) 1.3×10-4 | 1.92 3.89 |
HF | 6.67×10-4 | 3.18 | Fe(OH)3 | (II) 1.82×10-11 | 10.74 |
HIO3 | 1.69×10-1 | 0.77 | LiOH | 4.37×10-1 | 0.36 |
HNCS | 1.41×10-1 | 0.85 | Mg(OH)2 | (II) 2.63×10-3 | 2.58 |
HNO2 | 5.13×10-4 | 3.29 | Mn(OH)2 | (II) 3.89×10-4 | 3.41 |
H3PO4 | (I) 7.24×10-3 (II) 6.17×10-8 (III) 4.57×10-13 | 2.14 7.21 12.34 | NH4OH | 1.74×10-5 | 4.76 |
H2S | (I) 1.05×10-7 (II) 1.23×10-13 | 6.98 12.91 | Ni(OH)2 | (II) 8.32×10-4 | 3.08 |
H2SO3 | (I) 1.40×10-2 (II) 6.31×10-8 | 1.85 7.20 | Pb(OH)2 | (I) 5.01×10-4 (II) 1.41×10-8 | 3.30 7.85 |
H2SO4 | (II) 1.12×10-2 | 1.95 | Sr(OH)2 | (II) 1.48×10-1 | 0.83 |
H2Se | (I) 1.55×10-4 (II) 1.0×10-11 | 3.81 11.00 | Zn(OH)2 | (I) 1.32×10-5 (II) 2.00×10-9 | 4.88 8.70 |
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|
.5.
AgOH | 1.6×10-8 | Ag2S | 1.6×10-49 | Ag2C2O4 | 1.1×10-11 |
Al(OH)3 | 1.9×10-33 | As2S3 | 4.0×10-29 | BaC2O4 | 1.2×10-7 |
Ba(OH)2 | 5.0×10-3 | CdS | 3.6×10-29 | CaC2O4 | 2.6×10-8 |
Ca(OH)2 | 6.3×10-6 | CoS | 2.0× 10-27 | MgC2O4 | 8.6×10-5 |
Cd(OH)2 | 4.3×10-15 | CuS | 1.4×10-36 | SrC2O4 | 5.6×10-8 |
Co(OH)2 | 1.6×10-15 | FeS | 3.7×10-19 | ||
Cr(OH)3 | 5.4×10-31 | HgS | 1.4×10-45 | Ag2CrO4 | 1.2×10-12 |
Cu(OH)2 | 5.6×10-20 | MnS | 1.4×10-15 | BaCrO4 | 2.4×10-10 |
Fe(OH)2 | 7.9×10-16 | NiS | 2.0×10-28 | CaCrO4 | 2.3×10-2 |
Fe(OH)3 | 6.3×10-38 | PbS | 1.1×10-29 | PbCrO4 | 1.8×10-14 |
LiOH | 4.0×10-2 | SnS | 1.0×10-28 | SrCrO4 | 3.6×10-5 |
Mg(OH)2 | 6.8×10-12 | Sb2S3 | 4.0×10-29 | ||
Mn(OH)2 | 2.3×10-13 | ZnS | 1.2×10-23 | Ag2SO4 | 7.7×10-5 |
Ni(OH)2 | 1.6×10-14 | BaSO4 | 1.1×10-10 | ||
Pb(OH)2 | 5.5×10-16 | Ag2CO3 | 6.2×10-12 | CaSO4 | 6.1×10-5 |
Sr(OH)2 | 3.2×10-4 | BaCO3 | 8.1×10-9 | PbSO4 | 2.2×10-8 |
Sb(OH)3 | 4.0×10-42 | CaCO3 | 4.4×10-9 | SrSO4 | 2.8×10-7 |
Zn(OH)2 | 3.1×10-15 | CdCO3 | 2.5×10-14 | ||
FeCO3 | 2.9×10-11 | Ag3PO4 | 1.8×10-18 | ||
AgBr | 5.0×10-13 | MgCO3 | 7.9×10-6 | Ca3(PO4)2 | 3.5×10-33 |
AgI | 8.5×10-17 | MnCO3 | 4.9×10-11 | CaHPO4 | 6.0×10-6 |
AgCl | 1.6×10-10 | NiCO3 | 1.3×10-7 | Mg3(PO4)2 | 3.9×10-26 |
MgF2 | 6.4×10-9 | ZnCO3 | 5.3×10-11 | MgNH4PO4 | 2.5×10-13 |
PbCl2 | 1.7×10-5 | SrCO3 | 1.6×10-9 | ||
PbI2 | 8.7×10-9 | ||||
SnI2 | 8.3×10-6 |
.6.
|
|
= 298
. | . | . | |||
[Ag(CN)2] | 1×1021`` | [Co(NH3)6]2+ | 8,5×106 | [HgI4]2 | 1×1030 |
[Ag(NH3)2]+ | 5,8×108 | [Co(CN)6]3 | 8,1×1020 | [Hg(SCN)4] | 1×1022 |
[Ag(S2O3)2]3- | 1×1013 | [Cu(NH3)2]2+ | 2×1013 | [Ni(CN)4]2- | 3×1016 |
[CdCl4] | 9×103 | [Cu(CN)4]3 | 5×1028 | [Ni(NH3)6]2+ | 2×109 |
[CdI4]2 | 8×107 | [Fe(CN)6]4 | 1×1024 | [PbI4]2 | 6×107 |
[Cd(CN)4]2 | 1×1017 | [Fe(CN)6]3 | 1×1031 | [Zn(CN)4]2 | 2×1017 |
[Cd(NH3)4]2+ | 8×108 | [Fe(SCN)6]3- | 5,9×104 | [Zn(NH3)4]2+ | 4×1010 |
[Cd(NH3)6]2+ | 8×106 | [HgBr4]2 | 1×1021 | ||
[Co(NH3)6]3+ | 6×1036 | [HgCl4]2 | 8×1016 |
. 7.
D298, / | DG298, / | DS298, /(× K) | |
Ag | |||
Ag2O | -31 | -11 | |
AgNO3 | -127 | -34 | |
Al2O3 | -1675 | -1582 | |
Al2(SO4)3 | -3434 | -3092 | |
B2O3 | -1406 | -1184 | |
BaO | -557 | -528 | |
BaCO3 | -1202 | -1139 | |
C() | |||
() | |||
-635 | -604 | ||
2 | -62 | -67 | |
()2 | -986 | -897 | |
Ca3(PO4)2 () | -4125 | -3889 | |
Ca3(PO4)2 () | -4105 | -3870 | |
aCO3 | -1206 | -1129 | |
Ca(HCO3)2 | -2344 | ||
CuO | -165 | -127 | |
Cr2O3 | -1142 | -1045 | |
Cs2O | -318 | -275 | |
CsOH | -406,5 | -355 | |
Fe | |||
FeO | -266 | -245 | |
Fe2O3 | -824 | -742 | |
Fe3O4 | -1118 | -1015 | |
FeCl3 | -405 | -336 | |
FeCO3 | -745 | -638 | |
Hg | |||
HgCl2 | -230 | -186 | |
Hg2Cl2 | -265 | -211 | |
K2O | -365 | -193 | |
KOH | -426 | -375 | |
Li2O | -596 | -560 | |
LiOH | -485 | -439 | |
MgO | -601 | -569 | |
Mg(NO3)2 | -790 | -683 | |
MgCO3 | -1096 | -1029 | |
MnO | -385 | -363 | |
(NH4)2SO4 | -1179 | -900 | |
NH4NO3 | -365 | -183 | |
NH4Cl | -315 | -203 | |
Na2O | -431 | -377 | |
NaAlO2 | -1133 | -1070 | |
NaOH | -427 | -377 |
. .7.
D298, / | DG298, / | DS298, /(× K) | |
Na2CO3 | -1132 | -1048 | |
Na2SiO3 | -1588 | -1464 | |
P2O5 | -2984 | -2698 | |
PbO | -219 | -189 | |
PbO2 | -277 | -218 | |
PbSO4 | -920 | -813 | |
PbS | -101 | -99 | |
Rb2O | -330 | -291 | |
RbOH | -414 | -364 | |
S () | |||
SiO2 | -861 | -803 | |
TiO2 (b) | -944 | -889 |
.8.
D298, / | DG298, / | DS298, /(× K) | |
() | -110 | -137 | |
O2 () | -393 | -394 | |
CS2 () | |||
CCl4 () | -135 | -65 | |
C2H2 () | |||
C2H4 () | |||
CH4 () | -75 | -51 | |
C2H6 () | -85 | -33 | |
CH3OH () | -239 | -166 | |
COCl2 () | -223 | -210 | |
Cl2 () | |||
HCl () | -92 | -95 | |
HCl () | -168 | -131 | |
H2 () | |||
H2O () | -232 | -229 | |
H2O () | -237 | ||
H2O2 () | -187 | -120 | |
N2 () | |||
N2O () | |||
NO () | |||
NO2 () | |||
N2O4 () | |||
NH3 () | -46 | -16 | |
O2 () | |||
PH3 () | |||
SO2 () | -297 | -300 | |
SO3 () | -396 | -371 | |
H2S () | -21 | -34 | |
H2SO4 () | -811 | -609 |
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