(S) .
. , .
(1844-1906). S=k*lnW, W , k , , k=R/NA (NA ) 1.38*10-23 /
. , , ,, , , . , , . , , , , . (-2730) .
, , . . , ΔS, ΔQ T, : ΔS=ΔQ/T. / /(*)
. , . 1850 : .
3. - - . .
14 , , 14 4f-. . ( ),
2,4 ).
:
2 + 62 = 2()3 + 32
2Nd + 62 = 2Nd ()3 +32 ()
( . amphoteros - ) , . , , , . ., Al(OH)3
2Pm + 62 = 2Pm ()3 +32 ()
2 Gd + 62 = 2Pm ()3 +32 ()
2 Ho + 62 = 2 ()3 +32 ()
2 Er + 62 = 2Er ()3 +32 ()
| |Nd |4f46s2 |+3 |
| |Pm |4f56s2 |+3 |
| |Gd |4f75d16s2 |+3 |
| |Ho |4f116s2 |+3 |
| |Er |4f126s2 |+3 |
12
1. ( , )?
|
|
- , l -( ).
S( .. 0) - 2
( .. ]) - 6
D( .. 2) - 10
F( .. 3) - 14
1 n 28, 2|35,|- 1, 4|5, 41, 5|8,4, 5!, 6|7, 5, 6(1, 7
. , (n, l, m, s) , .. (c ).
( ). , . (n + l), . (n + l) n. :
1S < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 5d 4f < 6p < 7s.
. .