(demand) , . , .
, , ( ) . , . (law of demand).
, , :
, ; | |
(diminishing marginal utility) , | |
(income effect) , - . , [4]. | |
(substitution effect) , . |
, , . (demand curve), .
, , . , , . .
, . [5]:
E(DP) = (DQ/Q)/(DP/P) = ( )/( )
E(DP) ;
DQ ;
DP .
, , 2. , 10% ( ) 20%. . . , ( , , ).
|
|
, , . :
E(DP) = DQ/(Q1+Q2)/2 / DP/(P1+P2)/2
, E(DP) > 1 ( ). , ( ) ( ) , .
, E(DP) < 1 ( ). , ( ) ( ) , .
, E(DP) = 1 ( ). , ( ) ( ) .
, ( ), . , , , . , , . , . . , ( , , ). , : , . .
, . . , , . -, .
, 5 3 ( ) 60 100 .
:
(60-100)/((100+60)/2) / (5-3)/((5+3)/2) = -0.50/0.25 = -2.0
2,0 , 10% ( ) 20%. . . .
|
|
. , 5 3 ( ) 90 100 .
(90-100)/((100+90)/2) / (5-3)/((5+3)/2) = -0.11/0.25 = -0.44
0,44 , 10% ( ) 4,4%. , . .
:
- , ( - ). | |
( , ) . ( , , ). | |
, . | |
, , . , . . |
- . . . : , 1998.
- Mickey C. Smith, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Strategy and Cases, Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1991.
- Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, 1997,
- . . . . 1999. 14, 1516, 17, 18.
- ., ., ., . . , 1997. . 3638.