Grammar topic: THE FUTURE SIMPLE.
State system of Russian Federation.
Russia, under the Constitution of the Russian Federation is democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. State power in Russia is exercised by the President of Russia, the Federal Assembly (the Federation Council and State Duma), the government and the courts in Russia.
The Russian president is the chief executive and senior official of the Russian Federation, he defines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. The President is elected for a term of 4 years by Russian citizens on the basis of universal, equal and direct voting by secret ballot.
The Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation - is the representative and legislative authority. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - The Federation Council and State Duma.
The State Duma consists of 450 Deputies. Members of the State Duma shall establish federal laws that the Federation Council shall consider and may approve or reject. Adopted a law in the Federal Assembly sent to the Russian President for signature and promulgation. President, under the Constitution, has the right to reject a law, and send it for revision to the Federal Assembly. The executive power of Russia performs the Russian government, which consists of Russian Prime Minister, his deputies and federal Ministers. Currently, the subordination of the Prime Minister is 10 deputies and 14 ministers. 14 ministries are functioning today.
Vocabulary:
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Conversational topic: WEATHER AND CLIMATE.
Grammar topic: THE GENERAL TYPES OF QUESTIONS.
Weather and climate.
Climate has a very important influence on plants, animals and humans and is different in different parts of the world. Some scientists think that the world is becoming hotter. If you compare Moscow winter and summer temperatures at the beginning of our century and at its end you will see that climate has really changed. Winters have become warmer.
Sometimes there is little snow in January, and there were winters when it rained on the New Years Eve. Many people say that it is so because of the greenhouse effect. During the last 100 years people have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. This gas in the atmosphere works like glass in a greenhouse. It lets heat get in, but it doesnt let much heat get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer.
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Where does the carbon dioxide come from? People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burn big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide!
As we see the climate in different parts of the world changes a little from year to year. These changes can be dangerous for our planet, which needs protection.
Vocabulary:
| 1. breezy | 1. |
| 2. bright | 2. ; |
| 3. clear | 3. , ; |
| 4. cloud | 4. ; |
| 5. damp | 5. , |
| 6. dry | 6. |
| 7. dull | 7. , |
| 8. fog | 8. |
| 9. lightning | 9. |
| 10. rain | 10. ; , ( ) |
| 11. shower | 11. |
| 12. snow | 12. ; ( ) |
| 13. snowflake | 13. |
| 14. sun | 14. |
| 15. sunshine | 15. |
| 16. thunder | 16. |
| 17. wet | 17. , |
| 1. wind | |
| 2. chilly |
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| 3. cold |
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| 4. hot |
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| 5. warm | |
| 6. freeze | |
| 7. hail |
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| 8. shine |
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| 9. rain |
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| 11. snow |
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| 13. weather forecast | |
| 15. temperature | |
| 17. weatherman | |
| 19. humid (climate) |
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| 21. mild (climate) |
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| 23. continental (climate) |
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| 25. lovely (weather) |
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| 27. changeable (weather) - |
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| 29. dreadful (weather) - |
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| 31. unpredictable (weather) - ( |
* , , ( ) 180 - (F), 32F, 212F. 1724 . . (D. G. Fahrenheit, 1686-1736).
| Irregular verbs table | |||
| - Verb in Russian | Infinitive ( ) | Past simple | II Past participle |
| , , | abide | abode (abided) | abode (abided) |
| , | arise | arose | arisen |
| be | was/were | been | |
| , | bear | bore | born / borne |
| beat | beat | beaten | |
| become | became | become | |
| begin | began | begun | |
| bend | bent | bent | |
| bet | bet | bet | |
| bid | bade/bid | bidden/bid | |
| bind | bound | bound | |
| bite | bit | bitten | |
| bleed | bled | bled | |
| blow | blew | blown | |
| break | broke | broken | |
| breed | bred | bred | |
| bring | brought | brought | |
| , | broadcast | broadcast (broadcasted) | broadcast (broadcasted) |
| build | built | built | |
| , | burn | burnt (burned) | burnt (burned) |
| burst | burst (bursted) | burst (bursted) | |
| buy | bought | bought | |
| , | cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught | |
| choose | chose | chosen | |
| , | cling | clung | clung |
| () | clothe | clad (clothed) | clad (clothed) |
| come | came | come | |
| cost | cost | cost | |
| creep | crept | crept | |
| cut | cut | cut | |
| () | dare | durst (dared) | dared |
| deal | dealt | dealt | |
| dig | dug | dug | |
| , | dive | dove (dived) | dived |
| do | did | done | |
| , | draw | drew | drawn |
| , | dream | dreamed (dreamt) | dreamed (dreamt) |
| drink | drank | drunk | |
| drive | drove | driven | |
| , | dwell | dwelt | dwelt |
| eat | ate | eaten | |
| fall | fell | fallen | |
| feed | fed | fed | |
| feel | felt | felt | |
| fight | fought | fought | |
| find | found | found | |
| , ( ) | fit | fit (fitted) | fitted |
| flee | fled | fled | |
| , | fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown | |
| forbid | forbade (forbad) | forbidden | |
| , | forecast | forecast | forecast |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | |
| foresee | foresaw | foreseen | |
| , | foretell | foretold | foretold |
| , | forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| , , | freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | got (gotten) | |
| give | gave | given | |
| go | went | gone | |
| , | grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown | |
| hang | hung / hanged | hung / hanged | |
| have / has | had | had | |
| hear | heard | heard | |
| , | hew | hewed | hewn / hewed |
| hide | hid | hidden | |
| , | hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held | |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | |
| , | keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt (kneeled) | knelt (kneeled) | |
| , | knit | knit (knitted) | knit (knitted) |
| know | knew | known | |
| , | lay | laid | laid |
| , | lead | led | led |
| , | leap | leaped / leapt | leaped / leapt |
| , | learn | learnt (learned) | learnt (learned) |
| , | leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent | |
| let | let | let | |
| lie | lay | lain | |
| , | light | lit | lit |
| lose | lost | lost | |
| , | make | made | made |
| , | mean | meant | meant |
| , | meet | met | met |
| , | misgive | misgave | misgiven |
| mishear | misheard | misheard | |
| mishit | mishit | mishit | |
| mislay | mislaid | mislaid | |
| mislead | misled | misled | |
| ( ) | misread | misread | misread |
| misspell | misspelt (misspelled) | misspelt (misspelled) | |
| misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood | |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken | |
| mow | mowed | mown | |
| , , | offset | offset | offset |
| outbid | outbid | outbid | |
| outdo | outdid | outdone | |
| , | outrun | outran | outrun |
| , | overcome | overcame | overcome |
| , | overdraw | overdrew | overdrawn |
| pay | paid | paid | |
| , | plead | pled (pleaded) | pled (pleaded) |
| , | put | put | put |
| , , | quit | quit (quitted) | quit (quitted) |
| read | read | read | |
| , | reset | reset | reset |
| rid | rid | rid | |
| ride | rode | ridden | |
| ring | rang | rung | |
| , | rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run | |
| say | said | said | |
| see | saw | seen | |
| seek | sought | sought | |
| sell | sold | sold | |
| send | sent | sent | |
| , | set | set | set |
| sew | sewed | sewn (sewed) | |
| shake | shook | shaken | |
| shave | shaved | shaven (shaved) | |
| shear | sheared | shorn (sheared) | |
| shed | shed | shed | |
| , | shine | shone (shined) | shone (shined) |
| shoot | shot | shot | |
| show | showed | shown | |
| shrink | shrank / shrunk | shrunk / shrunken | |
| , | shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung | |
| , | sink | sank / sunk | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat | |
| (. .) | slay | slain (slayed ) | slain (slayed ) |
| sleep | slept | slept | |
| slide | slid | slid | |
| , | sling | slung | slung |
| , | smell | smelt | smelt |
| , | smite | smote | smitten |
| speak | spoke | spoken | |
| speed | sped (speeded) | sped (speeded) | |
| spell | spelt (spelled) | spelt (spelled) | |
| , | spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt (spilled) | spilt (spilled) | |
| , | spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat | spat | |
| , | split | split | split |
| spoil | spoilt (spoiled) | spoilt (spoiled) | |
| , | spread | spread | spread |
| , | spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood | |
| steal | stole | stolen | |
| , | stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung | |
| stink | stank | stunk | |
| , | strike | struck | struck |
| , | string | strung | strung |
| , | swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept | |
| , | swell | swelled | swollen (swelled) |
| swim | swam | swum | |
| swing | swung | swung | |
| take | took | taken | |
| teach | taught | taught | |
| tear | tore | torn | |
| tell | told | told | |
| think | thought | thought | |
| throw | threw | thrown | |
| , , | thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden / trod | |
| ; | undercut | undercut | undercut |
| , | undergo | underwent | undergone |
| understand | understood | understood | |
| , , | undo | undid | undone |
| , | uphold | upheld | upheld |
| , | upset | upset | upset |
| wake | woke (waked) | waked (woken) | |
| , | waylay | waylaid | waylaid |
| , | wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove (weaved) | wove (weaved) | |
| , / | wed | wed | wed (wedded) |
| , | weep | wept | wept |
| , | wet | wet (wetted) | wet (wetted) |
| win | won | won | |
| (), | wind | wound | wound |
| withstand | withstood | withstood | |
| , , | wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |
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