. 1. , :
) -s, -ss, -k, -x, -ch, -tch, -sh
bo x -box es, gla ss -glass es, wat ch -watch es, bu sh -bush es, fi sh -fish es;
) -y
1) da y -day s, journe y -journey s, ke y -key s, bo y -boy s;
2) cit y -cit ies, countr y -countr ies, penn y -penn ies, arm y -arm ies, lad y -lad ies;
) -o
1) cucko o -cuckoo s, pian o -piano s, phot o -photo s, sol o -solo s;
her o -hero es, ech o -echo es, Negr o -Negro es, potat o -potato es, tomat o -tomato es;
) -f (fe), -ef
1) clif f -cliff s, belie f -belief s, chie f -chief s, proo f -proof s, roo f -roof s, sa fe -safe s;
ca lf -cal ves, ha lf -hal ves, kn ife -kni ves, l ife -li ves, lo af -loa ves, se lf -sel ves, she lf -shel ves, wi fe -wi ves;
) us; stimul us -stimul i, nucle us -nucle i, syllab us -syllab i, foc us -foc i;
e) a; formul a -formula e, antenn a -antenna e, vertebr a -vertebra e;
) um; curricul um -curricul a, memorand um -memorand a, strat um -strat a, bacteri um -bacteri a, medi um -medi a, symposi um -symposi a;
) is; cris is -cris es, analysis-analys es, ax is -ax es, diagnos is -diagnos es, oas is -oas es, bas is -bas es;
) -ex, -ix; cod ex -cod ices, index-ind ices, append ix -append ices, matr ix -matr ices.
2. , :
sheep-sheep, deer-deer, salmon-salmon, trout-trout, fish-fish, cod-cod, series-series, means-means, barracks-barracks, headquarters-headquarters.
3. child-children, ox-oxen;
4. man-men, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-lice, mouse-mice, woman-women.
.
1. :
passer-by - passer s -by, mother-in-law - mother s -in-law, man-of-war - m e n-of-war, coat-of-arms - coat s -of-arms, court-martial - court s -martial, commander-in-chief - commander s -in-chief.
2. :
boy-friend - boy-friend s, fountain-pen - fountain-pen s, grown-up - grown-up s, assistant-director - assistant-director s, attoney-general - attoney-general s, mouthful - mouthful s, spoonful - spoonful s, room-mate - room-mate s, forget-me-not - forget-me-not s, merry-go-round - merry-go-round s, postman - postm e n, Englishman - Englishm e n.
7. 7 , - s (- es) , , . , (. ), (to read reads; to pass passes).
s ( apostrophe s) s ( s apostrophe) . , , - , (the child s toy ; the girl s voice .) s, , . , s (-es), (s). (the boys [boiz] ; the boy s [boiz]toys ).
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, s is (Marys at home now. Hes playing in the park) has (Shes got two brothers.)
8. ( 8) (), . :
1. , , , .
:
-er, -or: to write writ er , to invent invent or ;
-ant, -ent: to assist assist ant , to preside presid ent , .
2. , , :
-ist, -ian, -man ( ): to type typ ist , mathimatics ; bar bar man ;
3. , , (, , , ):
a) :
-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion: to connect connect ion , to organize organiz ation , to collide colli sion ;
-ment: astonish astonish ment , measure measure ment ;
-ure: press press ure ;
-ance, -ence: depend depend ence ;
-ing ( ): begin beginn ing , read read ing .
) :
-ness: dark dark ness , effective effective- ness ;
-ity: similar similar ity , special special ity ;
-th ( ): wide wid th , strong str ength , long l ength ;
) :
-dom: free free dom , wise wis dom , king king dom ;
-ism: social , social ism , patriot patriot ism ;
-hood: brother brother hood , neighbour neighbour- hood ;
-ship: friend friend ship , member - member ship .
.
1. C, : - al: centre centr al ; - y: ease , eas y , ; - less: ( -, - ): end end less ; child child less ; -ese ( , ) China Chin ese ); -ic: history histor ic ; -ous ( , ): fame fam ous , ; - ing: interest interest ing .
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2. , : - ful ( ): beauty beauti ful ; to forget forget ful ; - ive ( ): to collect collect ive ; create , creat ive ; - ite ( ): to favour , favour ite .
() :
un-, in- , , . : natural un natural ; distinct , in distinct , .
in- im-, il-, ir-: possible im posssible ; legal il legal ; regular () ir regular ().
mis- , , . : application , mis application , ; count , mis count , .
dis- , , : advantage , - dis advantage ; ; connected , dis connected ,; agree , dis agree , ;
over- , . , , -: population over population ; ripe over -ripe ; sell over sell .
ly . : slow slow ly ; warm - warm ly ; happy happi ly ; true true ly .
9, 10. 9 10 .
(): , , .
, , ( ) . , . - , .
, , , . , " " " ". .
) 1. 2. 3. :
1 2 3
Does Peter read English books? ?
Doesn't Peter read English books? ?
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)1. 2. 3. :
1 2 3
Can Peter read English books? ?
Can't Peter read English books? ?
) 1. - 2. 3. :
1 2 3
Is Peter a good pupil? ?
Isn't Peter a good pupil? ?
to be to have got, (to be - , to have got - ), - :
Has he got a book? ?
Was Peter at home? ?
, , to have got, to be, . .
Present Past Indefinite (Simple), do (does) did, , :
We study at the Militia Higher School. .
- Do we study at the Militia Institute?
- Don't we study at the Militia Institute?
He likes to read English books. .
- Does he like to read English books?
- Doesn't he like to read English books?
I visited my parents in summer. .
- Did you visit your parents in summer?
- Didn't you visit your parents in summer?
.
, yes no, , , , :
Do you play chess? - Yes, I do. (- No, I don't.)
Don't you play chess? - Yes, I do. (- No, I don't).
Does your brother live in Moscow? - Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't.)
Doesn't...
Can you do it? - Yes, I can. (- No, I can't.)
Can't you do it? - Yes, I can. (- No, I can't.)
Has he got an English dictionary? - Yes, he has. (No, he hasn't.)
Hasn't he got...
, , :
Does your sister like to swim? - Yes, she likes to swim. (- No, she doesn't like to swim.)
Doesn't...
Has your friend got an English dictionary? - Yes, my friend has got an English dictionary. (- No, my friend hasn't got an English dictionary).
Hasn't your friend got...
11. 11 .
, , , , , , .
: who (), whom (), where (), when (), why (), what (), which (), whose (), how long ( ), how many (), how much () .. , ( , ).
:
:
) 1. 2. 3. 4. : Peter lives in London. .
1 2 3 4
Where does Peter live? ?
) 1. 2. 3.
4. : Peter can drive a car.
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1 2 3 4
What can Peter do? ? ( ?)
) 1. 2. to be, to have got 3. :
1 2 3 1 2 3
Where is Peter? What has Peter got in his hand?
? ? ( ?)
2) :
) . Who () What (), :
1. 2. :
Peter is reading a book. .
1 2
Who is reading a book? ?
) .
:
1. 2. 3. :
Peter's book is lying on the table. .
1 2 3
Whose book is lying on the table? ?
13-14. 13 14 , Present Continuous ( ) to be + Present Participle ( -ing). .
Present Continuous to be ( am, are, is) (Present Participle, ), - ing:
I am speaking. We (you, they) are speaking. He (she, it) is speaking.
to be :
Am I speaking? Are we (you, they) speaking? Is he (she, it) speaking?
to be not.
I am not speaking. We (you, they) are not speaking. He (she, it) is not speaking.
| - | , -, . | , . Present Continuous , : go, start, leave, come . | |
| - | now - ; at the present moment (just now) - . | , - : tomorrow - ; from 2 to 3 after tomorrow - - 2 3 . | |
| I am reading a very important paper now, don't bother me. , . | She is leaving in an hour. . | ||
| - if , when , as soon as , before .: Present Indefinite. If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please. | |||
Present Indefinite (Simple) ( () ) Past Indefinite (Simple) ( () ).
Present Indefinite (Simple) - c to 3- -s, -es:
I (we, you, they) see, do, write, investigate, work,....
He (she, it) sees, does, writes, investigates, works,....
do does:
Do you (I, we, they) study? Yes, I do. (No, I don't.)
Does he (she, it) work. Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't.)
Who works? What does he do?
Does he work or study? He works.
He works, doesn't he? Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't.)
He doesn't work, does he? Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't).
- to have (have got), to be . , an, must, may :
He has got a large family.
Has he got a large family? Yes, he has. (No, he hasn't.)
Who has got a large family? He has.
He (She) is (I am) a teacher. Is he (she) (Are you) a teacher? Yes, he (she) is (I am). No, he (she) isn't (I amn't).
My friend can play chess. Can he play chess. Yes, he can. (No. he can't.) Can he play chess or football? He can play chess. He cant play football.
We must go there at once. Must we go there at once? Yes, you must. (No, you mustn' t.) We must go there at once, mustn't we? Yes, you must. (No, you mustn't.)
| 1. , . | 2. , | 3. - c | ||
| every day - ; usually - ; often - ; sometimes- . | At first - ; then - , ; after - . | |||
| L.Tolstoi is a famous writer. - . | e usually has breakfast at 8. 8 | I come to the office, sit down at the desk and begin to work. , . | ||
| Present Simple : if, when, as soon as, before ., Future Simple ( ). | Present Simple Present Continuous (- ) , , , : to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to be, to belong . | |||
| If I see him Ill tell him every- thing. , . When she comes well see her new dress. , . | We see him now. . I hear some noise. - . I dont understand what he is talking about. , . | |||
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Past Indefinite , - . , .
Past Indefinite - , , .
, .
Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite .
Past Indefinite - ed - d, : to ask - he ask ed, to answer - answer ed.
- d , - e: to invit e - he invit ed, to decid e - they decid ed.
- ed/-d [ id ] t d, [ d ] , d, [ t ] , t: wanted, played, opened, worked.
- y, , -y
-ed i: to tr y - he tr ied, to notif y - they notif ied.
, , c: to stop - stop ped, to plan - plan ned, to quarrel - quarrel led.
Past Indefinite - . .
Past Indefinite to do did, . to.
did, not:
He asked. Did he ask? He did not ask.
Who asked? What did he do?
Did he ask or not?
He asked, didn't he?
to be :
I (he, she, it) - was; we (you, they) - were. - :
He was at home yesterday. . Was he at home yesterday? Yes, he was.
. Past Indefinite can - could, must - had to.
had to did, had to have to:
Last year I could go there almost every month. .
Could you go there almost every month last year. Yes, I could. (No, I couldn't.)
He had to do it the day before yesterday. ( ) .
Did he have to do it the day before yesterday? Yes, he did. (No, he didn't.)
When did he have to do it?
He had to do it the day before yesterday, didn't he?
Past Indefinite :
1) (, ), , (. ).
I'm sorry I was out when you called. , , .
Where were you yesterday? ?
I went to the country with a friend of mine. .
2) , .
Last summer I often played chess. .
When he was ill we went to see him every other day. , .
used + .
We used to see each other often when I lived in Moscow. .
3) , .
Jack played chess very well when he was a small boy. , .
4) , Past Simple.
He said he lived in London. , .
I told him I didn't like fishing. , .
Past Indefinite : yesterday - ; the day before yesterday - ; yesterday morning (evening, afternoon) - (, ); last week (month, year) - ( , ); two days (weeks, years) ago - ( , ) ; in 1917 - 1917 ...
16. 16 .
, . , :
) ;
) ;
) . , (direct object) (inderect object), ;
) ;
) .
:
1 2 3 4 5
- + - + - + + -
,
,
1 2 3 4 4 5
In summer John wrote them letters very often.
.
. , :
1 2 3 4 4 5
L a st summer my friend wrote his parents letters very often.
, . , , , .
(. 11).
