CAD-systems (computer-aided design, )
CAM-systems (computer-aided manufacturing, )
CAE-systems (computer-aided engineering, )
. // Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop
, () . : , (3D-).
OCR (Optical Character Recognition, ) //Fine Reader
(desktop publishing). . .
6. - / // MathCad, Mathematica, Maple
,
8. ,
, .
1. (translators and compilers) , . , , , , .
2. (debuggers and profilers) (debuggers), (profilers)
3. IDE-systems (Integrated Development Environment, ) // Borland Delphi, Borland C++ Builder, Visual C++
4. RAD-systems (Rapid Application Development, ) // Borland Delphi, Borland C++ Builder
5. CASE-systems (computer-aided software engineering, ) // Rational Rose
4. .
- , , , . , , , , , , , . .
, .
|
|
5 :
1. () - (e.g. );
2. ;
3. ;
4. 1 ;
5. ;
4 :
1. () ,
2. -:
.1
- ( ):
.2 -
.
3. ( ):
a, b, c, , , D:
a,b,c
a = 0
D:= b*b-4*a*c
D < 0
:=
:=
,
( -, )
4. ( - , )
: ,
, , / ().
, .
:
1.
2.
3.
, , .. :
( ) , . //
( ) , . // Pascal, C++,
, 4 5.
I. /1954-1958 ./ - ,
(+,-,:= ..)
, (, FORTRAN)
II. /1959-1961 ./ -
|
|
FORTRAN II ,
Algol 60 , ,
COBOL ( ..)
LISP ,
III. /1962-1970 ./ - - .
Pascal ( ALGOL-68),
Simula - ( , )
IV. /1970-80- . / - - - Simula,
, .
Object Pascal, C++ - Simula,
V. /1990- ./ -
, ,
/ /
I . II:
() ,
( )
II . III:
III:
( )
( )
,
IV /- /:
, ,
:
FORTRAN (). , 50- . , , , . , . , , , F2k, 2000 . HPF (High Performance Fortran) .
COBOL (). -, 60- . . , . , . , .
Algol (). , 1960 . , - . 1968 68, , - .
|
|
Pascal (). , 70- , , , .
Basic (). , , . 60- .
(). Bell . , .
(). 70- (Unix).
C++ (++). ++ - , 1980 . , , , .
Java (, ). Sun 90- ++. ++ . , - - ( ). - Java- JVM(Java Virtual Machine), . Java- Java , -, Java .
: , ( Jini) - , ( Java Beans). , Java .
# ( ). 90- Microsoft #. ++, Java. , #, Microsoft, Windows. , . # .NET-, Microsoft Visual Studio.NET , # Windows .NET.
|
|
, : , , . -.
HTML. . , , , . Wei- HTML .
VRML. 1994 VRML . , , ( ), , , , , , . .
XML. 1996 WWW-, -, , IBM SGML. XML. , , . HTML.
PL/I (/1). 60- IBM , . 1964 , Programming Language One. , 33 , . /1 (, ). , /1 ++ . IBM.
Smalltalk (). 1970 XEROX, 10 , SMALLTALK-80. , . . , , , (, 1+1 I +, , 1, -, ). , ( , ), , . Visual Age for Smalltalk IBM.
LISP (). , 1960 . .
Prolog (). 70- . , , , , . , .
Ada (). , . 1980 17 , . , . . , .
Forth (). 70- , , , , . , , , .
|
|
5.
,
, , . , , . .
, , , .
. . , .
, . , , .
, , , . , (, , , , .) , . , ( ).
, , , , . . ( ) , , . . ( ). - , (, , ). .
. 1623 , (). . .
1642 (1623-1662) , , ( ). 1673 . . (1646-1717) , .
XVIII , , , , . . , , . .
1804 , .
(1792-1871) , , , , , , . , . . , , ( )
. XX . (1941 .), . , .
, , , , . , . . .
. , , . , , . , . : ; ; . . , , .
( ) 1666 . , . ( , , ) . , , , , (1673 ) .
. , , XIX . , ( ) .
, , . . (, ). , . , , , . : .
, . , , , , . : . , , : .
( ) , : (), (), () .
. , , .
. , . (- ), -, - , , , , , , .
. . . (mainframe). . . , .
. 2.
, . , , , , .
, , . . , . , - .
. . , , , . , , . , .
, , . , . , , , , .
, , , .
. . .
, . () .
, . , . , . , , . , , . .
-. , , . , , .
- . , , ; ; ; ; .
-. . , -, . . , . -, .
(). . , . , . , . 70- , - 80- - 90- . (Personal Computer, PC) .
1995 . , , , . , () . , . , .
: . , , , , . , , , , , .
1999 2002 99-2002. . :
Consumer PC ( );
Office PC ( );
Mobile PC ( );
Workstation PC ( );
Entertainmemt PC ( ).
. . ( ). , , , , , - .
. , , , , , . , , , (, ). -, , . , . , , . , , .
. . , (desktop), (notebook) (palmtop) .
. . . , , .
. , , , . . , . , . , , , . , , .
. . , , .
. . , , . . , , .
. . IBM PC Apple Macintosh. , . , .
: , , .
. . - , , . , . IBM PC , , ( ) .
( )
, ./. | () | |||
I | 1953-54 | . 5 . (1960) | ||
II | 1958-60 | . 30 . (1965) | ||
III | 1965-66 | () | . 300 . (1975) | |
IV | 1976-79 | ( ) | . 1,2 . (1980) | |
V | 1990-92 | ( ) | 150 . (1990) |
, :
1945 . (ENIAC)
1945 .
. 1940- . . ( )
1949 . , (EDSAC)
1951 . ( )
1958 .
1971 . Intel
1976 . (Apple 1 PC)
1981 . - IBM PC