.
1. s-, p-,d- .
2. (, N, , g, , S,N, F, Cu, Zn, Mn)
( , , )
3. ' s-, p-,d- .
4. - .
.
1. . . 뺺 s- II . , .
s- . s - , , ', s - II . . , , , N, , g, .
s - . ' , (s - ), , (s - II ). . , , .
s 1, , ' . , . , '. ' , , . 3+, - . : , , .
˳ : , . '. . . ˳ , . (. . ). . ˳ , , . ˳ 䳺, 䳿 . ﳿ .
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г + 1-, N+, , 60-90 , . N+ +-. ϳ , . , . 䳿. ³ , . 䳺 ', .
II , , . . , , , - , ; - II ' .
. ; . , ' . , , , . , .
V -: , , , .
4 , s22.
, 4 - .
- , 2. s- - .
S S
12 1s22s222 12* 1s22s123
, , ', -(+4; -4, +4, +2. .
, , 㳺, '.
- , - . - , -, 䳿 . , :
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N3 - +2 + + 2 = N2- + 2
- , , , , .
- ; , , ; .
- : 2-, 3 -, 242-, 3-, 43-, 42-, 24-,
:
- ᳭ , :
S42- + 2+ →S4 ↓;
- ᳭ , . S32-, :
S32- + 2+ →S3 ↓;
S3 + 2Ѳ → S2 ↑+ 12 + 2;
- , . 2 :
2- + +2 →3↓,
3 + 2Ѳ → 2↑ + 12 + 2
2 + ()2 → 3↓ + 2;
- - , . :
2- + N2- + 4+ → 2 + 22 + 2 N2↑
3. d- . ; , -V , . , d - .
d - d - . d - .
³ d -, (S Zn, Y d, L g), . d - , .
d s- ( , s- ).
s- ( ) s- d -, 㳿. , , , , , .
s- .
: d - 50 %, d - .
, ' d - ( d- ), , . ' ( ' d - ) , d - , '.
d -, , . 27, , , . (VII) 0 .
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ճ
1. : ,S, N, Cu, F.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 , , .
N2S4, 2S4, S4, .
1. +, N+, 2+ ?______________________________________
____________________
2 .
.
1. ? ? ? ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. 䳿 .
_______________________________________
3 .
5-6 5-6 ,
. , .
1. 䳿 . ____________
2. ?_______________________________________________________
4 .
, 1 .
1. ? ?____________________________________ ____________
2. . .
_________________________________________
5. .
. . . 1. ? ? . _________________________________________
2. ? ________________________________________________
6. d- (F2+, F3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+).
F2+ | F3+ | Cu2+ | Zn2+ | Mn2+ | |
N | F()2↓ | F()3↓ | Cu()2↓ | Zn()2↓ | Mn()2↓ |
1. (F2+, F3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+).
:
1.___________
2.___________
3.___________
4.___________
5.___________
:_________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
:
1. ._______________
____________________
2. .___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ' s-, p-,d- . _________________________________________
4. :
Cu + HNO3(p) → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
___________________________________________________________________________________
Pb(NO3)2 → PbO + NO2 + O2 _______________________________________________________________________________
Cl2 + NaOH → NaClO + NaCl + H2O _______________________________________________________________
1. : N, 1, C, Br.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. :
SO2 + NaIO3 + H2O → NaI + H2SO4 ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. ? ? , N2S3 ? . . __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 ______________
: , .
: : , , , , , : , , , . . . .
: : , , , ; , ; .
: : , , , ; ; ; .
: , : , , , , . , , , , , , , , , .
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. , ?
4. ? .
5. ? ?
6. , , ?
7. , ?
8. ?
9. ?
.
10. : , , , , .
11. .
12. .
13. . 14. . .
ճ
1. , ._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. , +3
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[Cr(2)51], [Cr(2)412], [Cr(2)2 (24)2].
2. , , :
4[t16] ____
N3[1()6]_________________________________________________________________
N2[Sn()4]_________________________________________________________________
[(2)6]3 ________________________________________________________________ [t(NH3)31]1_______________________________________________________________
[u(N3)4] SO4_______________________________________________________________
3. :
[(2)6]12 _______________________________________________________________ 3[(NO2)6]; ________________________________________________________________
3[1()6];_________________________________________________________________
Na3[Cr(CN)6]_________________________________________________________________
4. , :
) ()_______________________________________________
) ()_____________________________________________
) () ____________________________________________
) (V) ________________________________________
5. - :
) 4[F(N)6] uSO4; ) Na3[Co(CN)6] FeSO4; ) 3 [F(N)6] AgNO3, , .
)___________________________________
)___________________________________
)___________________________________
1 Fe3+ Fe2+.
) () 3[F(N)6] ( ).
2-3 () 1-2 .
1. ? ? _______________________________________
__________________________________________
2. .
____________________
3. () () ? ___________________________________________________________________________________
) () 4 [F(N)6] ( ).
2-3 () 1-2 .
1. ? ?_________________________________________ __________________________________________
2. .
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. () () ? ____________________
:__________________________________________________________________________
1. , , :
[Pt(NH3)Cl5]_________________________________________________________________
Li[Co(CN)4H2O]_______________________________________________________________
Cu2[Fe(CN)6]_________________________________________________________________
3[Co(NO2)6]_________________________________________________________________
2. ?
Na3[Co(NO2)6] ↔ ___________________________________________________________
K[AuCl4] ↔________________________________________________________________ [Cr(H2O)6]Cl2 ↔____________________________________________________________
KCr(SO4)2 ↔______________________________________________________________
CuCl2 2KCl ↔_____________________________________________________________
3. - : [Ag(NH3)2]Cl N3.
____________________
4. , :
1. () _______________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. (V) _____________________________________
4. () _____________________________________________________
1. 㳿 г , : 100 3 (N3) 0,012 . (%) N3 ? ________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________ _____________________________________________________________________
2. 300 N4N3 20% 500 N4N3 40%. N4N3 ._______________________________________________________________________________________________
3 __________
: . ó . : : 䳿. . () . . , , . . . .
: , 䳿; , , ; ; , ; ; , .
: ; , , ; , ; , .
: , , , , , , , , , .
.
1. ? 2. .
3. , , ?
4. , , ? 5. ? 6. . 7. 䳿 . , . ?
8. ? . 9. ? 10. . 11. ? . 12. ? 13. . 14. . 15. , : 34, ()2, 12(S4)3, u(NO3)2, N3, N1, F()3, 427.
16.. .
17. ? , ?
18. , : KNO3, Cr2(SO4)3, AlI3, CaCl2, K2SiO3.
19.³ ?
20. ? 21. ?
ճ
1 . - , - - . (, , ) : - , - - . . , , :
. < 7 | . = 7 | > 7 | ||
2. . .
2-3 0,1 . : - , - , - , - . 1-3 . . , . . :
1. 2. 3. 4. |
3 ó .
4 5 . 1- 5 , 2- , 3- , 4- .
1. 4. ________________________________________
2. 䳿. , . ________________________________________________________________________________
3. , . ____________________