(8.8)
(8.9)
S R : , , , .
, (8.9)
(8.10)
2 , .. , ; .
, , ( ) .
. , , , , .
(8.11)
= U I ; - ; = DU I .
(8.12)
(), , S (2), ( / 2), ( / ) D (); , (); , ().
. , - . , 1% 1% .
(8.13)
( ):
( )
(8.14)
1 , ;
( )
(8.15)
( ):
( )
(8.16)
( )
(8.17)
2 , .
() 2 () 1
(8.18)
:
(8.19)
(8.20)
. ( ). .
- ( ) ( ).
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. - , .