AsO3ˉ3, AsO3ˉ4, Al3+
IV
Cr3+ | Zn2+ | Sn2+ | Sn(IV) [SnCl6]2ˉ | |
KOH NaOH | Cr(OH)3 , | Zn(OH)2 , | Sn(OH)2 , | Sn(OH)4 , |
H2O2 | CrO2ˉ4 | [Zn(OH)4]2ˉ | [Sn(OH)6]4ˉ | [Sn(OH)6]2ˉ |
K4[Fe(CN)6] | K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 , HCl | Sn2[Fe(CN)6] , HCl | Sn2[Fe(CN)6] , HCl | |
CH3COONa | - | - | - | - |
HgCl2 | - | - | Hg | - |
Zn, HCl | - | - | - | - |
CCl4 CHCl3 | - | . - | - | - |
- | - | - | - | |
Na2B4O7 * 10H2O | Cr(BO2)3 - | - | - |
Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Sn(IV)
V
Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Sb(III), Sb(V)
1. Fe(II), Fe(III) K3[Fe(CN)6] K4[Fe(CN)6 ] :
Fe2+ K3[Fe(CN)6] Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓
Fe3+ K4[Fe(CN)6] Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓
2. S b(III) Sb(V) HNO3 22:
Sb(III), Sb(V) HNO3; H2O2 HSbO3↓
3. 2 HCl:
HSbO3↓ HCl [SbCl6]ˉ
4. Sb(V) 3 :
[SbCl6]ˉ Zn Sb↓
5. V 2 NH3 * H2O:
Mg2+ NH3 * H2O Mg(OH)2 ↓
Mn2+ NH3 * H2O Mn(OH)2 ↓
Fe3+ NH3 * H2O Fe(OH)3↓
Bi3+ NH3 * H2O BiONO3↓
6. Mg2+ 5 NH4Cl 3% 22:
Mg(OH)2↓ NH4Cl Mg2+
7. Mg2+ 6 Na2HPO4 :
Mg2+ Na2HPO4, NH3 *H2O+NH4Cl MgNH4PO4↓
8. Bi3+ Fe3+ HNO3 6:
BiONO3↓ HNO3 Bi3+
Fe(OH)3↓ HNO3 Fe3+
9. MnO2 * nH2O, . 8, HNO3 22:
MnO2*nH2O↓ HNO3; H2O2 Mn2+
10. Mn2+ 9 (NH4)S2O8:
Mn2+ (NH4)S2O8; HNO3; AgNO3 MnOˉ4
11. Bi3+ 8 [Sn(OH)6]4ˉ :
Bi3+ [Sn(OH)6]4ˉ Bi↓
VI
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Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+
Cu2+ | Hg2+ | Co2+ | Ni2+ | |
NaOH KOH | Cu(OH)2 | Hg(OH)2 , HgO. . | Co(OH)Cl | Ni(OH)2 |
NH3 * H2O | Cu(OH)2SO4↓ . | NH2HgCl↓ | Co(OH)Cl↓ . | (NiOH)2SO4↓ . |
NH3 * H2O | [Cu(NH3)4]2+ - | [Hg(NH3)4]2+ | [Co(NH3)6]2+ - | [Ni(NH3)6]2+ |
Na2S2O3 | Cu2S↓ + S↓ HNO3 | HgS , | - | - |
KI | CuI + +I2 | HgI2 -, | - | - |
(NH4)2NCS | Cu(NCS)2↓ , CuNCS↓ | Hg(NCS)2↓ , [Hg(NCS)4]2ˉ | (NH4)2[Co(NCS)4] | - |
SnCl2 | Cu↓ | Hg↓ | - | - |
VI Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+
1. VI ( NH3*H2O):
Cu2+ .NH3*H2O [Cu(NH3O)4]2+
Hg2+ . NH3*H2O [Hg(NH3O)4]2+
Co2+ .NH3*H2O [Co(NH3O)6]2+
Ni2+ .NH3*H2O [Ni(NH3O)6]2+
2. 2 /3 H2SO4
3. Cu2+ Hg2+ VI
Na2S2O3 2:
Cu2+ Na2S2O3;Δ Cu2S↓ + S↓
Hg2+ Na2S2O3;Δ HgS↓
4. Cu2S HgS 3 . HNO3 :
Cu2S↓ HNO3;Δ Cu2+
5. Cu2+ 4
NH3 * H2O:
Cu2+ NH3*H2O [Cu(NH3)4]2+
6. 4 HCl :
HgS↓ Br;HCl [HgCl2] + S↓
HgS↓ .HNO3,. HCl [HgCl2]
7. [ HgCl2] S↓ .
8. Hg2 + 7 SnCl2:
[HgCl2] SnCl2 Hg↓
9. Co2+ 3 NH4NCS :
Co2+ NH4NCS (NH4)2[Co(NCS)4]
C5H11OH
10. Ni2+ 3 ():
III Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
1. III 1 /3 H2SO4 C2H5OH :
Ba2+ H2SO4, Δ BaSO4↓
Sr2+ H2SO4, Δ SrSO4↓
Ca2+ H2SO4, C2H5OH, Δ CaSO4↓
, H2SO4
2. III Na2CO3 :
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BaSO4↓ Na2CO3, Δ BaCO3↓
SrSO4↓ Na2CO3, Δ SrCO3↓
CaSO4↓ Na2CO3, Δ CaCO3↓
3. 2 3:
BaCO3↓ 3 Ba2+
SrCO3↓ 3 Sr2+
CaCO3↓ 3 Ca2+
4. Ba2+ 3 K2CrO4:
Ba2+ K2CrO4 BaCrO4↓
Ba2+ , 3 K2CrO4
5. Sr2+ 4 ( ):
Sr2+ . CaSO4 SrSO4↓
6. Sr2+ 4 . (NH4)2SO4:
Sr2+ . (NH4)2SO4 SrSO4↓
Ca2+ . (NH4)2SO4 [Ca(SO4)2]2ˉ
7. Ca2 + 6 (NH4)22O4:
Ca2+ ( NH4)22O4 24↓
3