(+, Na+, NH 
)
, , NH . . , .
+
+, , . .
1. 2446
KCl + NaHC4H4O6 =KHC4H4O6 + NaCl
K+ + HC4H4O 
= KHC4H4O6 ↓
4-5 . .
:
2. + - .
Na+
. , , Na+ .
, .
NaCl + K[Sb(OH)6] = Na[Sb(OH)6] + KCl
Na+ + [Sb(OH)6]- = Na[Sb(OH)6]
5-6 . .
NH
1. , , .
NH4Cl + NaOH 
NaCl + NH3↑ + H2O
NH + OH- NH3↑ + H2O
1-2 , 2-3 , . , . .
:
(Ag+, Pb2+, Hg 
)
Ag+
Ag+ - .
2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 = Ag2CrO4↓ + 2KNO3
2Ag+ +.... →
2-3 , 3-4 1-2 .
:
Pb2+
1. .
Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 = PbCrO4↓ + 2KNO3
Pb2+ +..... →
3-4 2-3 .
2. .
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI = PbI2 + 2KNO3
Pb2+ +..... →
2-3 , , 3-5 .
:
(Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+)
|
|
|
2+
2+ , .
1. 2+ .
BaCl2 + K2CrO4 = BaCrO4 + 2KCl
Ba2+ +... →
.
3 ( ) , , . .
:
2. ( ) 2+
BaCl2 + (NH4)2C2O4 = BaC2O4 + 2NH4Cl
Ba2+ +.... →...
3 ( ) 3-4 . 2 , . ?
:
3. - .
2+
2+ , .
CaCl2 + (NH4)2C2O4 = CaC2O4 + 2NH4Cl
2+ +... →
3 ( ), 3-4 . .
:
(Al3+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Sn2+)
Cr3+
: (III) . , Cr3+, , (CrO 
) , (Cr2O 
) .
Cr(III) 
Cr(VI)
Cr(III) Cr(VI)
1. ( ) () .
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O2 + 10NaOH = 2Na2CrO4 + 3Na2SO4 + 8H2O
2 Cr3+ + 8OH- - 3ē → CrO + 4H2O
3 H2O2 + 2ē → 2OH-
2 Cr3+ + 16OH- + 3H2O2 = 2CrO + 8H2O + 6OH-
2Cr3+ + 10OH- + 3H2O2 = 2CrO +8H2O
2-3 (III), , NOH , 2-3 22 . .
:
