.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

(ADR) , . , , , . , , : , . , , , .

. , , . , , , ; , , , ; . , .

, 80% , , 20%:

(equities, stocks, shares) , , .

(depositary receipts) , . (ADR) (GDR), .

.

(mature markets) , , , .

, . Dow Jones Industrial Average . Nikkei 225 - . , , .

(emerging markets) , , , .

, (mutual funds). .

 

4.3.

(financial derivatives) , .

( ) , - :

- (commodities): ;

- (equities): ;

- (foreign exchange): ;

- (interest rate): , , - .

, , , . , . . - ( ), () , , ().

.

(forward-type contracts) , , , . , , . .

, .

(net present value, NPV) , , .

:

(14.1)

PV (present value) ;

FA (future amount) , ;

r , ;

.

:

(14.2)

NPV ;

HPVr ;

HPVf .

NPV , , , , . NPV , , , , . NPV .

(swaps) , .

:

(commodity swaps) , , .

(currency swaps) .

(equity swaps) , .

(interest rate swaps) , . : (coupon swap) ; (basis swap) ; (cross-currency swap) .

(option-type contracts) , , , . , , . , , . , , .

:

(commodity option) , , .

(equity option) , , , .

(currency option) , , .

(interest rate option) .

:

(American-style option) , .

(European-style option) , .

, (exchange-traded derivatives), , (over-the-counter, ).

, :

1) , , ;

2) ;

3) , ; 4) , .

. , , 2%. . .

, , . , , London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), Marche a Terme International de France (MATIF), Deutsche Terminborce (DTB); Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), Chicago Board Options Exchange (), Chicago Mercantile Exchange (). , , , , , , .

over-the-counter (otc), , , , , , . . . , , . , , . , , . , .





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