. , , . , , , (Hunt et al., 1954g; Spears et al., 1976) . , (Bouchard and Conrad, 1973 a, b; Bull and Vandersall, 1973; Thomas et al., 1951). , , - , (Fron et al.. 1990). - (Bouchard and Conrad, 1973 ).
, (. ). , , , , (Coghlin, 1944). , (Bird, 1972). , . , , . (Kandylis, 1984). 5000 / (1100 S/ 0,11%) , (Weeth and Hunter, 1971). , 0,05% , ( and Hironaka, 1991; McAllister et al., 1997). , (Lewis, 1954).
, - ( 9), 0.5% . . ,
. 6.
, 0,5% ( and Hironaka, 1991; McAllister et al., 1997) , 0,4% , (NRC, 1980).
|2 (). ]2 , . , 13% . , 3% (Smith and Marston, 1970). , , . 12 (Halpin et al., 1984). , 0,1 / (Smith, 1987).
|
|
(Smith, 1987), , , , . (Underwood, 1981).
, . . , (Henry, 1995). , , , (Poole and Connoly, 1967).
, , , - , . , - -, , . ,, (Gawhorne et al., 1971).
Mills, (1987) . ( ) (Underwood, 1981). . . . , (Smith, 1997). , (Underwood, 1981) (-PhersonetaL 1987; Paterson and McPherson, 1990). , , , . , () . , (Kennedy el al., 1996).
0,11 / (Smith and Loosly. 1957; Ammerman, 1970). , 0.3 / (Marston, 1970). , , 20 /. 40 / (Miller et al., 1988). 0,1 0,5 / . - . , , (Ammerman, 1970). (Mills, 1981).
|
|
, . , 0,25 -0,35 / , , , (Lopez-Gu-Juisa and Satter, 1992; Saxena and Ranjhana, 1978).
, , (Lopez-Gu-Juisa and Satter, 1992). , , , , (Somers, 1983; Storry, 1961). , 50% 86% (Young, 1979). , , , . , 0.11 / .
, , , Phalarus tuberosa (Ulvund, 1985). (Lee and Kuchel, 1953).
, , , , - , (NRC, 1980; Elyetal., 1948; Keener et al., 1949). 30 / , , 10 / (NRC, 1980).
, .-, ; . , ; , , ; ; , , .
7,1 / (NRC, 1980). (Grace, 1983; Simpson et al., 1981) , , 1.5 /. , , . 0,6 / (Liford and Huber, 1988), 0,15 / 0,2 / (Schwarz and Kerchgessner. 1978). 0,15 / . 50%) 0,10 / , Agr. Res. Council (1980). ( 100 ) 0,5 mi , , 1,5 - 2,0 / (NRC, 1980; House and Bell, 1993). 0,5 /- 100 , 1,5 / - 100 225 2 /, 225 (. 6-1.).
|
|
6-1
(/)
(/ )
. | 1989 .* | 1980 .* | * | 2000 r.NRC* | |||
/ | / | / | ' | ' | [ < | ||
, 300 , 0.7 | 6 0 | 7 1 | 1 1,8 | 72,6 | 1 2 | ||
, 500 , 0,5 . | |||||||
250 | 15,4 | 1 52 | 15,2 | ||||
650 , 40 | 10,7 | 15,7 | |||||
650 , 270 | 13,9 | 163.5 | 13.7 |
* -
**
142
. 6.
, , , , . 70%, . Bremner and Dalagarno (1973a, b) , 50 - 60% , , 3-14 . 4 ( ) 60%. . 1 - 5% . . , , , (Bird. 1970). Allen and Gawthorne (1987) , - . , . Suttle and McLouchlan (1976) , ( ) , (/) (/):
log ( ) = -1,153-0,076() -0,013 ( ).
6-2 4,6% (0,20%) 3,1% , (0,40%) , 1 .
6-2.
|
|
i | J . | . | |
/ | |||
2,0 | 0,046 | ||
4,0 | 0,031 | ||
6.0 | 0,021 | ||
2 s | 0,5 | 0,043 | |
0,042 | |||
0,039 | |||
0,0314 | |||
^ s | I 0 | 0,0217 | |
2 0 | 0,010 | ||
2,5 | 0,003 |
10 .
1 / 2,5 / (0,25% ). 4%. , 6-2, Suttle McLauchlan (1976). , , 0,04/ , , . -, ( ), 1980 .
, Underwood and Suttle (1999), , , Suttle McLauchlan (1976). . Underwood Suttle (1999) , , . 0,2% , 5,5%, 0.4%. 1,5%. . 0.2 -0.4% , 20 - 30%. S , . , , , 4-5 / . (Underwood and Suttle, 1999; Gengelbach. 1994).