. , . ( 6.3). 1 , , , , = 101,3 . , . , , ( , , D, DU, DG, DS, ).
. 6.3.
:
2+ + 2 → 2.
, .
n = 2, [Ox] = [H+]2, [Red] = [H2].
[2]
k = const, j0, :
,
, - , , . .. , .
- , , . , 1 /, 101,325 298,15 . , , j0. - -, - .
j0 .
- . , , , ( ):
Ox + n = Red.
, . .
|
|
(.. ), j0 , .
j0
j0, | j0, | j0, | |||
Li+/Li | -3,045 | Mn2+/Mn | -1,18 | 2H+/H2 | 0,000 |
Rb+/Rb | -2,925 | Cr2+/Cr | -0,913 | Sb3+/Sb | +0,20 |
K+/K | -2,924 | Zn2+/Zn | -0,763 | Bi3+/Bi | +0,215 |
s+/Cs | -2,923 | Cr3+/Cr | -0,74 | Cu2+/Cu | +0,34 |
Ba2+/Ba | -2,90 | Fe2+/Fe | -0,44 | u+/Cu | +0,52 |
Ca2+/Ca | -2,87 | d2+/Cd | -0,403 | Hg22+/2Hg | +0,79 |
Na+/Na | -2,714 | o2+/Co | -0,27 | Ag+/Ag | +0,80 |
Mg2+/Mg | -2,37 | Ni2+/Ni | -0,25 | Hg2+/Hg | +0,85 |
Al3+/Al | -1,70 | Sn2+/Sn | -0,136 | Pt2+/Pt | +1,19 |
Ti2+/Ti | -1,603 | Pb2+/Pb | -0,127 | Au3+/Au | +1,50 |
Zr4+/Zr | -1,58 | Fe3+/Fe | -0,037 | Au+/Au | +1,70 |
:
1. , ;
2. , , .. , ;
3. () , .
, .
1. I , . , .
Men+ Me |
. 6.4.
:
Me Men+ + n .
[Ox] = [Men+], [Red] = [Me] = const
. . , . , Cd(Hg)/CdSO4.
Cd - 2 → Cd2+
2. , , . . . , . .. , . .
:
O2, Pt | OH-
O2 + 2H2O +4 → 4OH-
[Ox] = [O2][H2O]2= p(O2)[H2O]2, [Red] = [OH-]4
.. , , :
|
|
pH.
3. - (Red-Ox ).
-, Red-Ox , . , , . , . -
Fe3+ + → Fe2+.
[Ox] = [Fe3+], [Red] = [Fe2+]
- - +. . ,
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5 Mn2+ + 4H2O
4. II () , .
Cl- |
Cl- |
Cl- |
Cl- |
Cl- |
Cl- |
Ag AgCl |
. 6.5. -
( 6.5) :
AgCl + → Ag0 + Cl-
[Ox] = [AgCl], [Red] = [Ag][Cl-]