. , TRF.
. , , (. 1). (0.60 - 0.96). 0.85 0.97 0.60 0.95 . .
(, ) [5]. , " ", , < 0.01 0.106 0.440. : - 0.29, - 0.23, - 0.21. - 0.24. , , : - 0.27, - 0.25, - 0.20 [5].
, , , 1.0. , , .
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. , . , - 0(241) = -3.831; = 0.000 [1]). , , , -, - , . , , .
, , , , -
. 65
(F(1.240) = 7.557, = 0.006), / (F(1.240) = 15.302, = 0.000) (F(1.240) = 13.234, = 0.000), - (F(1.240) = 10.182, = 0.002), (F(1.240) = 12.000, = 0.001), (F(1.240) = 12.585, = 0.000) (F(1.240) = 14.200, = 0.000). (F(4.237) = 5.412, = 0.001), (F(4.237) = 5.842, = 0.001). 12 - 13- 16 - 17- (t(241) = 1.179, = 0.010). 14 - 15- (t(241) = 1.527, = 0.000) 16 - 17- 0(241) = 1.524, p = 0.002) , 10 - 11-. .
( ). 2 , , , (. . 2). , (, ) , . , , , , , . , , , (, , , ), () , . [28] [11, 13, 29, 52, 53] , . (2(81) = 124.074, = 0.001).
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, : 0.36 0.63. 13 40% . , , . 60 - 87% .
. , . , , , . , , , [10]. , , , . , , , .
, . , , .
. 3 , . . 3, , (.. , ), .
: .
2 " " , .
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2. , ,
N | χ2 | df | AIC | RMSEA | Δχ2 | Δ df | |||||
I | - | 64.488 | 0.631 | -73.512 | 0.032 | ||||||
II | - | 73.638 | 0.707 | -88.362 | 0.026 | ||||||
III | 281.487 | 0.000 | 107.487 | 0.242 | 207.849 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 91.092 | 0.039 | -46.908 | 0.092 | ||||||
II | - | 105.668 | 0.034 | -56.332 | 0.084 | ||||||
III | 250.649 | 0.000 | 76.649 | 0.208 | 144.982 | 0.000 | |||||
/ | I | - | 67.845 | 0.517 | -70.155 | 0.035 | |||||
II | - | 73.645 | 0.707 | -88.355 | 0.031 | ||||||
III | 300.024 | 0.000 | 126.024 | 0.201 | 226.378 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 61.336 | 0.733 | -76.664 | 0.025 | ||||||
II | - | 69.559 | 0.814 | -92.441 | 0.021 | ||||||
III | 156.560 | 0.000 | -17.440 | 0.146 | 87.002 | 0.000 | |||||
/ | I | - | 69.264 | 0.468 | -68.736 | 0.061 | |||||
II | - | 87.418 | 0.293 | -74.582 | 0.066 | ||||||
III | 249.914 | 0.000 | 75.914 | 0.224 | 162.495 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 64.068 | 0.645 | -73.932 | 0.018 | ||||||
II | - | 76.444 | 0.623 | -85.556 | 0.012 | ||||||
III | 279.333 | 0.000 | 105.333 | 0.245 | 202.889 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 84.109 | 0.104 | -53.891 | 0.076 | ||||||
II | - | 101.406 | 0.062 | -60.594 | 0.076 | ||||||
III | 212.732 | 0.000 | 38.732 | 0.190 | 111.326 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 84.109 | 0.104 | -53.891 | 0.076 | ||||||
II | - | 95.581 | 0.128 | -66.419 | 0.059 | ||||||
III | 350.709 | 0.000 | 176.709 | 0.228 | 255.128 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 86.188 | 0.079 | -51.812 | 0.074 | ||||||
II | - | 102.488 | 0.054 | -59.512 | 0.082 | ||||||
III | 336.244 | 0.000 | 162.244 | 0.264 | 233.756 | 0.000 | |||||
I | - | 106.407 | 0.003 | -31.593 | 0.123 | ||||||
II | - | 124.074 | 0.001 | -37.926 | 0.116 | ||||||
III | 426.284 | 0.000 | 252.284 | 0.284 | 302.211 | 0.000 |
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. I - , II - , III - . , , . AIC - (Akaike's Information Criterion) - . RMSEA - Root Mean Square Error of Approximation - .
. 4 , , . , . , , , , . / (. 4).
, . / . - - ,
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|
. 67
3. (%) ,
. (2, 2, 2) (a2u, c2u, e2u) . , "" , ( ), , , ( ). : 13 () + 4 () + 5() = 22%. : 27 () + 11 () + 40 () = 78%. , (13%), , (27%). , 40%. - 11 56% .
. (60 80% ).
. 7 15 (2 = 50%), . [18], 4 11 (2 = 40%), . [43]. , , , , , CBCL/4 - 18 YSR [27].
(80%) , (51%) [18] (73%) [51] . [41].
/. (80%) (20%) . . [39]
. 68
4. , ,
N | ||||||||||
χ2 | df | AIC | RMSEA | Δχ2 | Δ df | |||||
Cm Cf, Am = Af | 73.794 | 0.779 | -94.206 | 0.021 | 0.157 | 0.984 | ||||
Cm Cf, Am = Af | 106.626 | 0.048 | -61.374 | 0.080 | 0.958 | 0.811 | ||||
/ | Am Af, Cm = Cf | 76.044 | 0.720 | -91.956 | 0.027 | 2.399 | 0.494 | |||
Am Af, Cm = Cf | 71.299 | 0.837 | -96.701 | 0.019 | 1.740 | 0.628 | ||||
/ | Am = Af, Cm > Cf | 87.765 | 0.311 | -76.235 | 0.064 | 0.347 | 0.556 | |||
Am, Cm > Cf | 76.455 | 0.652 | -87.545 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.916 | ||||
Cm Cf, Am = Af | 105.069 | 0.060 | -62.931 | 0.076 | 3.663 | 0.300 | ||||
Am Af, Cm = Cf | 97.928 | 0.142 | -70.072 | 0.054 | 2.347 | 0.504 | ||||
Am = Af | 102.489 | 0.062 | -61.511 | 0.080 | 0.001 | 0.978 |
. AIC - (Akaike's Information Criterion) - . RMSEA - Root Mean Square Error of Approximation - .
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|
(30 - 80%) . [20, 50]. [19]. , 7 - 16 , [17, 30, 47], , 25 35% [18, 23, 24]. CBCL 3 12 [12, 53] , .
(96%) (4%). , 0.56 0.61 [18, 43]. , , DSM-IV, () . , , , , .
(30% 60% ). , . 75% [40]. - , (DRD4); (DAT1) [46].
30% 60% , . (70%) (2%) (. 4). : . ,
. 69
, [7]. , [25]. , , , . , .
(. 4). (52%), . (93%). , , . [8].
(71%) , : , [18, 21, 29, 43, 51, 54]. 60%. , . . [33], , 50% .
, [22, 35, 57]. , , . , , , [35, 57] . , . , ( 60%), ( 30 - 40%) [15, 18, 22]. 1000 CBCL (8 - 9 ) (13 - 14 ) . , , , , , [22].
, , ( 50%) ( " /" "" ). , , . . , / .
. -, (8 - 16 ) [17] , (57% 52% ), (65% 64% ), (75% 63% ), (79% 70% ), (61 - 74% 31 - 72% ) - (35% 36% ). - , 50% . -, , -
. 70
[24] [39], . [44], . . [39] , . -, [34]. , , , , , 279 12 - 16 [32].
, , , . , , . , , . , [24, 39] . . [44] . [32] , . , , , , , , .
1. , , .
2. , , (, , , ), () , .
3. (/, , /, ) , .
4. , (/, , , ) .
5. . / , - .
6. .
7. , , , - , , . . .
1. . ., . ., . ., . . : . . - . - . . 2. .: , 2004. . 72 - 82.
2. Achenbach T.M. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4 - 18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, Vermont, 1991.
3. Achenbach T.M. Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile. Burlington, Vermont, 1991.
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4. Achenbach T.M. Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 YSR Profile. Burlington, Vermont, 1991.
5. Achenbach T.M., McConaughy S.H., Howell C.T. Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situa-tional specificity//Psychological Bulletin. 1987. V. 101. P. 213 - 232.
6. Achenbach T.M., Howell C.T., McConaughy S.H. Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample of children and youth: II. Signs of disturbance //J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995. V. 34. P. 488^98.
7. Achenbach T.M., Howell C.T., McConaughy S.H., Stanger C. Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: III. Transitions to young adult syndromes // J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995. V. 34. P. 658 - 669.
8. Achenbach T.M., Howell C.T., McConaughy S.H., Stanger C. et al. Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample of children and youth: I. Cross-informant syndromes // J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995. V. 34. P. 336 - 347.
9. Arseneault L., Moffitt T. E., Caspi A., Taylor A. et al. Strong genetic effects on cross-situational antisocial behaviour among 5-year-old children according to mothers, teachers, examiner-observers, and twins' self-reports // J. of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 2003. V. 44. P. 832 - 848.
10. Baillargeon R.H., Boulerice B., Tremblay R.E., Zocco-lillo M. et al. Modeling interinformant agreement in the absence of a "gold standard" // J. of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 2001. V. 42. P. 463 - 473.
11. Bartels M., Hudziak J.J., Boomsma D.I., Rietveld M.J. et al. A study of parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in 12-year-old twins // J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003. V. 42. P. 1351 - 1359.
12. Bartels M., van den Oord E. J.C.G., Hudziak J.J., Rietveld M.J. H. et al. Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms Underlying Stability and Change in Problem Behaviors at Ages 3, 7, 10, and 12 // Developmental Psychology. 2004. V. 40. P. 852 - 867.
13. Bartels M., Hudziak J.J., Rietveld M.J., van Beijsterveldt C.E. et al. A longitudinal twin model for multiple raters: Illustrating the use of genetically informative designs for studying psychological data // Paper presented at the 12th European Conference on Personality, organized by the European Association of Personality Psychology (EAPP) in Groningen. The Netherlands. July 17 - 22. 2004. Conference Abstracts. P. 56.
14. Bartels M., Hudziak J.J., van den Oord E.J., van Beijsterveldt C.E. et al. Co-occurrence of Aggressive Behavior and Rule-Breaking Behavior at Age 12: Multi-Rater Analyses // Behavior Genetics. 2003. V. 33. P. 607 - 621.
15. Deater-Deckard K., Plomin R. An adoption study of etiology of teacher and parent reports of externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood // Child Development. 1999. V. 70. P. 144 - 154.
16. Derks E.M., Hudziak J.J., Beijsterveldt C.E.M., Boomsma D.I. Genetic analyses of Teacher Ratings on Aggression, Attention, and Anxiety in 7-, 10-, and 12-year-old children // Paper presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association in Aix en Provence. France, June 27 - 30. 2004.
17. Eaves L.J., Silberg J.L., Meyer J.M. et al. Genetics and developmental psychopathology. . The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development // J. of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 1997. V. 38. P. 965 - 980.
18. Edelbrock C, Rende R., Plomin R., Thompson L.A. A twin study of competence and problem behavior in childhood and early adolescence // J. of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 1995. V. 36. P. 775 - 785.
19. Eley T.C. Behavioral genetics as a tool for developmental psychology: Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents // Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review. 1995. V. 2. P. 21 - 36.
20. Eley T.C, Deater-DeckardK., Fombone E., FulkerD.W. et al. An adoption study of depressive symptoms in middle childhood // J. of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 1998. V. 39. P. 337 - 345.
21. Eley T.C, Lichenstein P., Stevenson J. Sex differences in the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior: Results from two twin studies // Child Development. 1999. V. 70. P. 155 - 168.
22. Eley T.C, Lichtenstein P., Moffitt . . A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior // Development & Psychopathology. 2003. V. 15. P. 383^02.
23. Eley T.C, Stevenson J. Using genetic analyses to clarify the distinction between depressive and anxious symptoms in children // J. of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1999. V. 27. P. 105 - 114.
24. Eley T.C, Stevenson J. Exploring the covariation between anxiety and depression symptoms: A genetic analysis of the effects of age and sex // J. of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 1999. V. 40. P. 1273 - 1282.
25. Ernst M., Liebenauer L.L., King A.C., Fitzgerald GA. et al. Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive girls // J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994. V. 33. P. 858 - 868.
26. Gjone H., Stevenson J., Sundet J.M. Genetic influence on parent-reported attention-related problems in a Norwegian general population twin sample // J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996. V. 35. P. 588 - 596.
27. Granger D. A., Weisz J.R., Kauneckis D. Neuroendocrine reactivity, internalizing behavior problems, and control-related cognitions in clinic-referred children and adolescents // J. of Abnormal Psychology. 1994. V. 103. P. 267 - 276.
28. Hewitt J.K., Silberg J.L., Neale M.C., Eaves L.J. et al. The analysis of parental ratings of children's behavior using LISREL // Behavior Genetics, 1992. V. 22. P. 293 - 317.
29. Hudziak J.J., Copeland W., Rudiger L.P., Achenbach T.M. etal. Genetic influences on childhood competencies: A twin study // J. of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003. V. 42. P. 357 - 363.
: . . , . . , . .
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. 60
, .
, , . , , , (12 - 34%) 2 - 3 [42,43] (37 - 57%) 7 - 15- [18, 43]. 2 - 3- [49, 51, 54] (49 - 77%), . [26]. (8 - 11 12 - 16 ) [44].
, (, , ) [18,43,49, 51].
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. 61
5. .
. 490 11 17 ( = 13.85; SD = 0.20), 97 - (49 48 ), 70 - (40 30 ), 57 . , . , , ( : D8S67, UT532, GipC, SMSI, HumF13A 01).
. . , , [2 - 4]. ( ) .
(Child Behavior Checklist - CBCL) [2]1 , 20 , ( , , , , , ). (, ), . 118 (" " " "). , : "", " ", "/", " ", " ", " /", "", "" , "" "". ( ) " " , .
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.
. SPSS (12.0). (ANOVA). ANOVA (, 10 - 11- 12 - 13, 14 - 15 16 - 17- ). , . , , < 0.01 .
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1 (., . [1]).
. 62
. , . , - . - . , ( ) ( ) ( =1.0). ( = 0.5). ( = 1.0). . . , . 1, 1 1 (1 - ) , - , . -fm, ft, fc - . ( ) , . , - (2, ), (1) - (1) . ( ) - , (, , ).
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. , , , . - , .
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