5
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: Just English, , .: . , 2000, I, II: . 4-66.
I. .
The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity, another is the less consistent laws of economies. Other laws are prescriptive they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.
In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with strangers.
The rules of social institutions tend to be more formal than customs, carrying precise penalties for those who break them.
However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws.
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C :
law , , , , ;
descriptive ;
consistent , , ;
gravitation ;
prescriptive , ;
enforce , ;
impose , ;
penalty , , .
II. :
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III. :
Behaviour
describe
prescriptive
Advice
educational
regulate
Instruction
IV. :
1. What does the English word law refer to?
2. What do descriptive laws describe?
3. What do prescriptive laws prescribe?
4. What kind of laws are relations between people regulated by?
5. How do we learn to behave in the society?
6. What do the rules of social institutions carry for those who break them?
7. What do the governments use when they make laws?
V. (5 - 7 ).
VI. , , , . :
1. break 1. a case
2. commit 2. a fee
3. cross examine 3. a law
4. negotiate 4. a witness
5. hear 5. a verdict
6. return 6. terms
7. charge 7. a witness
VII. (. VI) . :
1. You must know that you are when you park on the pavement.
2. After two hours deliberations the jury of not guilty.
3. Most solicitors do not for the first consultation.
4. I am innocent. I did not you accuse me of.
5. We have for the prosecution.
6. The two companies can of the contract.
7. The in the court of Appeal.
VIII. government :
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:
1. authoritarian government a).
2. colonial form of government b).
3. government investigation c).
4. government of the day d).
5. government party e).
6. governments term of office f).
7. her Majestys Government g).
8. local government h).
9. military government i).
10. mixed government j).
11. parliamentary government k).
12. presidential government l).
IX. , :
(descriptive, prescriptive, unfortunately, (imperfect) perfect laws, it is obvious, however, therefore, to make laws.)
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , .
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6. .
X. . . . :
release, witness-box, accomplice, care, enter, testify, perjury, objections, execute, bring a verdict.
A.: When did John the building?
B.: At 6.
A.: Did he take the stand at ?
B.: Yes, he did.
A.: Were there any from the part of prosecution?
B.: None at all.
A.: Good. Was he asked about Bills ?
B.: Yes, he was. But he didnt it.
A.: Did the jury ?
B.: Yes, they did. They Bill.
A.: Congratulations! I was afraid Bill could be .
B.: But Johns will cost much.
A.: I dont ! Bill will have to pay.
XI. , . :
criminal types, capital punishment, inmates, case studies, upbringing, investigations, suspended, multiple, unthinkable, rehabilitative.
Cesare Lombroso, professor of psychiatry and anthropology at the University of Turin, sought through firsthand observation and measurement of prison to determine the characteristics of . Some of his allowed him to establish the existence of hereditary criminals. Lombroso held that such criminals exhibit a higher percentage of physical and mental anomalies than do noncriminals. Among these anomalies, were various unusual skull sizes and asymmetries of the facial bones.
Other scholars helped to introduce the ideas that crime has causes and that most criminals are not born criminal but are shaped by their and associations. Thus, the emphases in criminology had turned to experimental and to preventive and measures. Without this contribution into the scientific study of criminals the present-day alternatives to and old-fashioned imprisonment such as probation, sentence, fines, and parole would have been .
XII. , :
from, to, with, to, of.
1. What is your attitude the problem of crime prevention?
2. All the sympathies of the jury were the defendant.
3. Finally the criminal was convicted a violent assault.
4. The defective took pains to extract information the eye-witness.
5. After a long questioning the suspect had to confess committing a robbery.
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