She is taller than her sister.

He is the youngest in his family.

 

 

5. Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту и связанного с этим моментом.

Present Perfect используется:

1) для констатации факта совершения действия без указания на время его совершения: I have written a letter.

2) когда указан период времени, который еще не закончился: today, this week, this month, this year: I haven’t seen Ann today.

3) с наречиями never(никогда), ever(когда-либо), just(только что), yet(еще), аlready(уже): Nick has just come back.

4) с обстоятельствами времени, указывающими на период, в течение которого происходило или могло происходить действие, начиная с какого-то момента прошедшего времени и вплоть до настоящего времени: lately(в последнее время), for a long time(в течение долгого времени), how long(как долго), so far(до сих пор), up to now(до настоящего момента), for three hours(в течение трех часов), since(с тех пор как): Have you been to the cinema lately?

Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have и причастия прошедшего времени(Particle II) смыслового глагола. Particle II правильных глаголов образуется при помощи окончания -ed к неопределенной форме глагола: to ask- asked, to work – worked;

Particle II неправильных глаголов образуется чередованием звуков в корне (3-я форма глагола): go – went – gone, do – did – done.

I/You/We/They’ve (have) worked	Have I/you/we/they worked?	I/You/We/They haven’t (have not) worked.
He/she/It’s (has) worked.	Has he/she/it worked?	He/she/It hasn’t (has not) worked.

Present Perfect Continuous обозначает действие или состояние, которое началось в прошедшем и продолжалось в течение определенного периода до момента речи и либо еще продолжается в этот момент, либо закончилось непосредственно перед ним. Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем перфектном времени (настоящем, прошедшем или будущем) и причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола.

I have been waiting for you for three hours.

Stative verbs (глаголы состояния) не употребляются в Present Perfect Continuous. Stative verbs:

∙ feelings: hate, like, love, prefer, want.

∙ thoughts: believe, feel, know, think, understand.

∙ possession: belong, have, own.

∙ senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste.

∙ appearance: appear, look (like), seem.

Irregular verbs

 

be	was/were	been		let	let	let
become	became	become		lose	lost	lost
begin break	began broke	begun broken		make	made	made
bring	brought	brought		mean	meant	meant
build	built	built		meet	met	met
buy	bought	bought		pay	paid	paid
catch	caught	caught		put	put	put
choose	chose	chosen		read	read	read
come	came	come		ring	rang	rung
cost	cost	cost		run	ran	run
cut	cut	cut		say	said	said
do	did	done		see	saw	seen
draw	drew	drawn		sell	sold	sold
drink	drank	drunk		send	sent	sent
drive	drove	driven		show	showed	shown
eat	ate	eaten		shut	shut	shut
fall	fell	fallen		sit sing	sat sang	sat sung
feed	fed	fed		sleep	slept	slept
feel	felt	felt		speak	spoke	spoken
fight	fought	fought		spend	spent	spent
find	found	found		stand	stood	stood
fly	flew	flown		steal	stole	stolen
forget	forgot	forgotten		swim	swam	swum
get	got	got		take	took	taken
give	gave	given		teach	taught	taught
go	went	gone		tell	told	told
have	had	had		think throw	thought threw	thought thrown
hear	heard	heard		understand	understood	understood
keep	kept	kept		wake	woke	woken
know	knew	known		wear	wore	worn
learn	learned/learnt	learned/learnt		win	won	won
leave	left	left		write	wrote	written

 

 

 

Literature

1. Sarah Cunningham, Peter Moor “Cutting edge”, Pearson Longman, 2009

2. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley “Upload”, Express Publishing, 2011

3. Clive Oxenden, Cristina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson “New English File”, Oxford University Press, 2009

4. Kathy Gude, Michael Duckworth “Matrix” Oxford University Press, 2008

5. Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones “New Inside Out” Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2008

6. Philip Kerr “Straightforward” Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2005

7. Bob Hastings, Marta Uminska “Exam Activator” Pearson Education Limited, 2010