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2005

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1.

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1. 3- Present Indefinite;

2. ;

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1:

1. In autumn many birds fly 1. to warm countries. .

Birds - a bird - .

2. Most of the Londons places of interest 2.

are situated to the north of the river Thames. .

Londons .

3. In the United StatesMothers Day 3.

is the second Sunday in May.

.

States state - .

Mothers - .

1. The names United Kingdom, Great Britain and England are often used interchangeably.

2. Great Britain consists of 3 parts: England, Scotland and Wales.

3. There are two places of interest in the City: St. Pauls Cathedral and the Tower of London.

4. Agatha Christies success with millions of readers lies in her ability to combine clever plots with excellent

character drawing.

5. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever.

 

II. , ,

there + be.

1. There is not a passion so strongly rooted in the human hearts as envy.

2. There will be a lot of trends in fashion of the 21st century.

3. There may be a fall in price for this product in the near future.

 

III. , ,

.

1. The exam was much easier than we expected.

2. My house is the same height as his.

3. This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

4. The hotter it is the more miserable I feel.

5. These shoes are the least expensive of all.

 

IV. ,

.

 

1. None of the pictures at the art shop was good enough to buy for our museum.

2. If there are any calls for me, can you ask to leave a message?

3. Some people are early risers.

 

V. , , -

, .

.

 

2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian

University in Moscow .

Founded - Past Indefinite Active to found.

 

1. Wise kings generally have wise councilors.

2. Scientists in many different countries are working to explain this mystery.

3. Have you ever seen a film in which a train crashed or a ship sank?

4. I shall have finished the translation by nine oclock tomorrow morning.

5. Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.

 

VI. .

 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

 

The poisoning of the world's land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilisation. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history's greatest dangers to human life on the earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable.

Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.

Seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.

Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now.

Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union.

People are beginning to realise that environmental problems are not somebody else's. They join and support various international organisations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening perhaps we'll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

 

1.

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5. . .

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2.

 

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1. 3- Present Indefinite;

2. ;

3.

1:

1. In autumn many birds fly 1. to warm countries. .

Birds - a bird - .

2. Most of the Londons places of interest 2.

are situated to the north of the river Thames. .

Londons .

3. In the United StatesMothers Day 3.

is the second Sunday in May.

.

States state - .

Mothers - .

1. Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles.

2. Northern Ireland occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland.

3. St. Pauls Cathedral was built in the 17th century by architect Christopher Wren.

4. Agatha Christies plots always mislead the reader and keep him in suspense.

5. The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats.

 

II. , ,

there + be.

1. There are millions of stars within our galaxy.

2. There will be a sale in this supermarket.

3. Since 1960s there has been an increasing tendency for population to move from city centers

to the countryside.

 

III. , ,

.

 

1. The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.

2. His drawings are as perfect as his instructors.

3. No sooner had he started out for California than it started to rain.

4. Honesty is the best policy.

5. Of two evils choose the least.

 

IV. ,

.

 

1. Have you got any luggage? Let me help you.

2. Would you like to eat something? asked Tom.

3. Nobody came to visit him while he was in hospital.

 

V. , , -

, .

.

 

2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian

University in Moscow .

Founded - Past Indefinite Active to found.

 

1. All historical places of London are in the West End.

2. Recently BBC experts have invented a new system that lets the deaf understand television

programs.

3. The student will begin to work as an apprentice to a trained worker next week.

4. In three months he will have been here for a year.

5. In 1620 a ship named the Mayflower, brought 120 Englishmen to the rocky coast of America.

 

VI. .

 

New York - or the Big Apple, as people call it - is the chief city and port of the USA. It has a population of nearly eight million people, and is the sixth largest city in the world. New York stands at the mouth of the River Hudson in New York State. It has five boroughs - Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island and the Bronx. All the boroughs except the Bronx are on islands. Manhattan is the oldest part of the city, and is the country's commercial centre. It is well-known for its art galleries, and has two universities.

New York is especially famous for its skyscrapers - particularly The Empire State Building and the United Nations Headquarters. The main industries of the city are clothing, publishing, textiles, food processing and luxury goods.

Just a few statistics give an idea of what life in New York is like: for example, the city has a hundred hospitals, ninety-one colleges, universities and technical schools, and over two thousand schools. The city employs forty thousand teachers, twenty-five thousand policemen and thirteen thousand firemen. And in their free time New Yorkers have a choice of fifteen television stations and thirty-nine radio stations.

 

1.

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1:

1. In autumn many birds fly 1. to warm countries. .

Birds - a bird - .

2. Most of the Londons places of interest 2.

are situated to the north of the river Thames. .

Londons .

3. In the United StatesMothers Day 3.

is the second Sunday in May.

.

States state - .

Mothers - .

1. The island of Great Britain has the length of 974 kilometres and the width of 531 kilometres.

2. The warm Gulf Stream brings warm south-west winds that raise winter temperatures.

3. Trafalgar Square is named in memory of Admiral Nelsons victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

4. Agatha Cristies language is simple and good.

5. The city of Montreal covers 70 square miles.

 

II. , ,

there + be.

1. There were rosy-cheeked dolls hiding behind the green leaves of the Christmas tree.

2. There are two trends in the 21st century fashion that will most probably continue in the future.

3. There must be equilibrium between demand and supply of goods.

 

III. , , .

1. I cant run as fast as he can.

2. The salary of a manager is higher than that of a secretary.

3. The more you study the smarter you will become.

4. If you are interested in further details ask the head of the office.

5. That was the most difficult case in his practice.

 

IV. ,

.

1. Is there any letters for me?

2. I cant talk to you now. I have got no free time.

3. Some of the people he worked with were very friendly.

 

V. , , -

, .

.

 

2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian

University in Moscow .

Founded - Past Indefinite Active to found.

 

1. I know you are taking an advanced geography course now.

2. Like it or not, television has been the supreme holiday attraction ever since it upstaged the cinema by showing old films.

3. During the apprenticeship period the student will begin to earn money.

4. He will have left for Kiev by Saturday.

5. The Pilgrims arrived to America and founded their colony in 1020.

 

VI. .

 

INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is informationthat is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half of the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, aid by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon orregion of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

1.

 

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1:

1. In autumn many birds fly 1. to warm countries. .

Birds - a bird - .

2. Most of the Londons places of interest 2.

are situated to the north of the river Thames. .

Londons .

3. In the United StatesMothers Day 3.

is the second Sunday in May.

.

States state - .

Mothers - .

 

 

1. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242000 square kilometers.

2. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the South.

3. The Nelsons Column stands in the middle of Trafalgar Square.

4. Its pleasant to read Agatha Christies books in the original.

5. Everyone knows that Sochi is one of the cities situated on the Black Sea coast.

 

II. , ,

there + be.

1. There were many people in the shops yesterday.

2. There are various forms of money in the modern economy.

3. There have recently been offered nationwide programmes of evironmental protection.

 

III. , , .

 

1. It was the most boring film I have ever seen.

2. I feel much better today than I did last week.

3. Of the three books, this one is the most interesting.

4. The smaller the garden is, the easier it is to look after it.

5. These shoes cost as much as mine.

 

IV. ,

.

 

1. I got the book without any difficulty.

2. I dont know about it, ask somebody else.

3. There is no uniform school organization or curriculum in the USA.

 

V. , , -

, .

.

 

2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian

University in Moscow .

Founded - Past Indefinite Active to found.

 

 

1. Now she is having difficulty in putting facts in order.

2. It has been raining since early morning.

3. What will you be doing at 4.30 tomorrow afternoon?

4. By two oclock the student will have finished the translation of the text.

5. By the 16th century a new economic system had replaced feudalism.

 

VI. .

 

History books record that the first film with sound was The Jazz Singer in 1927. But sound films, or "talkies", did not suddenly appear after years of silent screenings. From the earliest public performances in 1896, films were accompanied by music and sound effects. These were produced by a single pianist, a small band, or a full-scale orchestra; large movie theaters could buy sound-effects machines. Research into sound that was reproduced at exactly the same time as the pictures - called "synchronized sound" - began soon after the very first films were shown. With synchronized sound, characters on the movie screen could sing and speak. As early as 1896, the newly invented gramophone, which played a large disc carrying music and dialogue, was used as a sound system. The biggest disadvantage was that the sound and pictures could become unsynchronized if, for example, the gramophone needle jumped or if the speed of the projector changed. This system was only effective for a single song or dialogue sequence.

In the "sound-on-film" system, sounds were recorded as a series of marks on celluloid which could be read by an optical sensor. These signals would be placed on the film alongside the image, guaranteeing synchronization. Short feature films were produced in this way as early as 1922. This system eventually brought us "talking pictures".

 

1.

 

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5. . .

6. .

7. .

5.

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2. ;

3. .

 

1:

1. In autumn many birds fly 1. to warm countries. .

Birds - a bird - .

2. Most of the Londons places of interest 2.

are situated to the north of the river Thames. .

Londons .

3. In the United StatesMothers Day 3.

is the second Sunday in May.

.

States state - .

Mothers - .

1. Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries of Europe.

2. Moscow covers an area of about 880 square kilometers.

3. George Stephensons early locomotives were used to carry loads in coal mines.

4. The Tretyakov Gallery is Russias biggest and most important museum of Russian art.

5. The water of Black Sea contains many chemical substances.

 

II. , ,

there + be.

1. There are many good hotels in the town.

2. There may be a number of ways of solving this problem.

3. There will be a lot of guests at the party on Sunday.

 

III. , ,

.

1. My book is as interesting as yours.

2. No animal is so big as King Kong.

3. He drives more cautious than Bob.

4. Actions speak louder than words.

5. The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.

 

 

IV. ,

.

1. Have you got any questions?

2. He knew nothing about that accident.

3. We must buy something for his birthday.

 

V. , , -

, .

.

 

2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian

University in Moscow .

Founded - Past Indefinite Active to found.

 

1. The world sea surrounds the earth and belongs to us all.

2. My brother has been taking music lessons for three years now.

3. Ann is going to enter the university.

4. Have you ever seen the ancient stone carvings?

5. The main ideas were set forth in the statement which had appeared in the press the day

before.

 

VI. .

 

HISTORY AND FUTURE OF THE INTERNET

The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in the early 1973 as part of a project headed by Robert Kahn and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, part of the United States Department of Defence. Later Cerf made many efforts to build and standardise the Internet. In 1984 the technology and the network were turned over to the private sector and to government scientific agencies for further development. The growth has continued exponentially. Service-provider companies that make gateways to the Internet available to home and business users enter the market in ever-increasing numbers. By early 1995, access was available in 180 countries and more than 30 million users used the Internet. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in promoting the exchange of information, making possible rapid transactions among businesses, and supporting global collaboration among individuals and organizations. More than 100 million computers are connected via the global Internet in 2000, and even more are attached to enterprise internets. The development of the World Wide Web leads to the rapid introduction of new business tools and activities that may lead to annual business transactions on the Internet worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents. Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

2

2 :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. to be to have.

 

1.

I. ,

. .

 

1. We can see the lake from our bedroom window.

2. You must work hard at your English if you want to know it.

3. May I use the phone, please?

4. He knew he should tell them everything.

5. You ought to look after your children better.

 

II. ,

. ,

. .

 

1:

These machines are to replace the old

equipment of our shop. .

Are to - can Present Indefinite Active, . .

1. I havent been able to sleep recently.

2. You will have to be at work at 9 in the morning.

3. Tom was to take part in the baseball match last week but he fell ill.

4. James has to take an educational course next September.

5. She was not allowed to say anything of that to anyone.

 

III. .

Passive Voice,

.

 

2:

The following examples were made use of. .

Were made - Past Indefinite Passive to make.

 

1. English is the main foreign language which is taught within most school systems.

2. My father has been persuaded that roast meat is not healthy.

3. Do you know many paintings have been destroyed by vandals?

4. Suddenly he thought that something was expected of him.

5. The famous actress is being interviewed now for the HELLO magazine.

 

IV. . to be,

to have. , :

); ) ; )

(); ) -.

 

1. The traditional feature of Christmas in Britain is the Christmas tree.

2. When we walked through the entrance we saw shelves full of more toys than we have ever imagined.

3. By the time we reached the teacher we were wet from head to toe.

4. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in promoting the exchange of

information.

 

V. ,

.

 

1. It was the new system of education that gave the best results.

2. It was the director who adopted the general plan of reconstruction.

3. Neither my friend nor I am fond of skating.

4. Either your children or my son has broken this vase.

5. Both students and teachers have already gathered in the big hall.

 

VI. .

 

A Japanese construction company plans to create a huge independent city-state, akin to the legendary Atlantis, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The city, dubbed "Marinnation", would have about one million inhabitants, two airports, and possibly even a space port. Marinnation, if built, would be a separate country but could serve as a home for international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank.

Aside from the many political and social problems that would have to be solved, the engineering task envisaged is monumental. The initial stage requires the building of a circular dam 18 miles in diameter attached to the sea bed in a relatively shallow place in International waters. Then, several hundred powerful pumps, operating for more than a year, would suck out the sea water from within the dam. When empty and dry, the area would have a city constructed on it. The actual land would be about 300 feet below sea level. According to designers, the hardest task from an engineering point of view would be to ensure that the dam is leak proof and earthquake proof.

If all goes well, it is hoped that Marinnation could be ready for habitation at the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. Whether anyone would want to live in such an isolated and artificial community, however, will remain an open question until that time.

 

2

2 :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. to be to have.

 

2.

I. ,

. .

1. Can you speak any foreign languages?

2. Everyone must obey the law.

3. Everybody should eat more fruits and vegetables.

4. She may say anything she wants.

5. You ought to help your friend.

 

II. ,

. ,

. .

 

1:

These machines are to replace the old

equipment of our shop. .

Are to - can Present Indefinite Active, . .

 

1. Tom might not be able to come tomorrow.

2. She stayed in bed this morning because she didnt have to go to work.

3. According to the contract, the goods are to arrive at the port at the end of the week.

4. As the manager was out he had to wait for five minutes.

5. She was allowed to practise the piano any time.

 

III. .

Passive Voice,

.

 

2:

The following examples were made use of. .

Were made - Past Indefinite Passive to make.

 

1. On festive occasions sweets are served at the end of a meal.

2. She stood in the shadows of the jungle, knowing that she must have been followed by the Indians.

3. All tickets had been sold before we got to the theatre.

4. The students will be examined next Friday.

5. A Farewell to Arms was published in 1929.

 

IV. . to be,

to have. , : )

; ) ; )

(); ) -.

1. The first Christmas trees were introduced in Britain about 150 years ago.

2. Christmas is only a few weeks away, so I have made a list of my favourite toys to send to Santa Claus!

3. Alf played very well but in the end Jack was able to beat him.

4. Gary Kasparov had to work hard but finally it paid and he became world chess champion.

 

V. ,

.

1. It is the statistical analysis which is of great importance for proper planning.

2. It was our relatives who sent us that telegram.

3. My daughter could neither read nor write when she went to school.

4. Well either be going to the theatre or the cinema this week-end.

5. Both my sister and I were upset when we heard the news.

 

VI. .

 

ENGLISH CHARACTER

 

One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of all classes. There is little noisy behaviour, and practically no loud disputing in the street. People do not rush excitedly for seats in buses or trains, but take their seats in queues at bus stops in a quiet and orderly manner.

Englishmen are naturally polite and are never tired in saying "Thank you", "I'm sorry", "Beg your pardon". If you follow anyone who is entering a building or a room, he will hold a door open for you. Many foreigners have commented on a remarkable politeness of the English people.

English people don't like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations, and ordinary people seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

The Englishman does not like any boasting or showing off in manners, dress or speech. Sometimes he conceals his knowledge: a linguist, for example, may not mention his understanding of a foreigner's language.

The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats, because he doesn't wish his doing to be overlooked by his neighbours. "An Englishman's house is his castle."

2

2 :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. to be to have.

 

 

3.

 

I. ,

. .

1. When we went to the forest we could smell burning.

2. Mary should have gone to bed earlier last night.

3. Michael mustnt drive without headlights, its forbidden.

4. He asked what time he might arrive for an interview.

5. We ought to wash the dishes but we neednt dry them.

 

II. ,

. ,

. .

 

1:

These machines are to replace the old

equipment of our shop. .

Are to - can Present Indefinite Active, . .

1. We were able to persuade them to go with us.

2. I am afraid I wont be allowed to come to the party next week.

3. My friends are to meet tomorrow in the café.

4. He is so rich that he doesnt have to work.

 

III. .

Passive Voice,

.

 

2:

The following examples were made use of. .

Were made - Past Indefinite Passive to make.

 

1. In India right hand is used for eating.

2. She thought the arrow could be poisoned.

3. The dinner will be served by five oclock tomorrow.

4. She was heard practising the piano yesterday.

5. Most children are strongly influenced by their parents.

 

IV. . to be,

to have. , :

); ) ; )

(); ) -.

1. Our teacher told us we had two hours to explore the toy store.

2. There were ice and roller skates, skateboards and bicycles of any shape and colour.

3. It was difficult but we were able to persuade them.

4. Gary Kasparov has got an excellent memory and ability to calculate and think ahead.

 

V. ,

.

1. It was his room where he lost his key.

2. It is my best friend who always helps me in any situation.

3. I like neither football nor hokey.

4. This old woman never learnt either history or geography.

5. Both the children and the parents enjoyed the performance.

 

 

VI. .

 

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

 

Education after 16is voluntaryin United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Fundingfor education and research is provided by funding councils set upby Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnicsand some other higher education establishmentswere given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and video cassettes, supported by local study centres and summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1.4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grantsto cover tuition feesand living costs.

The size of the grant is determined by parents income.Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

2

2 :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. to be to have.

 

4.

I. ,

. .

 

1. She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.

2. You should see a doctor.

3. They must be tired as they have been working all day.

4. I was told that I might place an advertisement in the newspaper.

5. We really ought to buy a new car.

 

II. ,

. ,

. .

 

1:

These machines are to replace the old

equipment of our shop. .

Are to - can Present Indefinite Active, . .

 

1. Alf played very well but at the end Jack was able to beat him.

2. Did you have to get up early to meet the delegation at the airport?

3. As I was to be there at 5 sharp, I took a taxi.

4. He was not allowed to leave before his parents came back.

5. Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.

 

III. .

Passive Voice,

.

 

2:

The following examples were made use of. .

Were made - Past Indefinite Passive to make.

 

 

1. Needless to say, hands must be washed before and after eating.

2. He knew the boys would be rescued.

3. About 50 people were invited to the party yesterday.

4. Oxford was beaten by Manchester United in the Cup Final yesterday.

5. Such a dress cant be sat down in.

 

 

IV. . to be,

to have. , :

) ; ) ; )

(); ) -.

 

1. Near the dolls were stuffed animals of all sizes and shapes.

2. Animals were running about in all the paths.

3. Joe felt great, knowing that he had succeeded in his plan.

4. People usually have dinner between 6.00 and 8.00 in the evening.

 

V. ,

.

 

1. It was my friend whom I was to meet yesterday.

2. It was the governments policy which allowed to reduce high rates of inflation.

3. I like neither green nor red coats.

4. Both my friend and I like the opera

 

 

VI. .

 

 

AMERICAN CHARACTER

American society seems to be much more informal than the British and, in some ways, is characterised by less social distinction. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as "Major" or "General" or "Doctor" in the case of a holder of a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The respectful "Sir" is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.

However, it is best to use a person's title when first meeting him/her, and then allow the person to tell you how he/she wishes to be called.

They use first names when calling each other, slap on the back, joke and are much freer in their speech, which is more slangy than the conventional British English. You will often hear the word "Hi" (a form of greeting among friends) used instead of the usual "Hello," and "Howdy" instead of "How do you do?"

Those who don't easily show these signs of friendship are called "snooty" or "snobbish." In contrast, people who show such simple signs of friendship, particularly to their own economic and social inferiors, are praised as "regular guys," or as "truly democratic." As a description of character, democratic is generally used to signify that a person of high social or economic status acts in such a way that his or her inferiors are not reminded of their inferiority.

Certain forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Women may wear hats in church, in restaurants, and often when attending luncheons in public places and other public social functions except those that take place in the evening. Men who do wear hats ordinarily remove them in elevators, churches, restaurants, private homes, business offices in fact, in most public situations when they wishto show respect.

2

2 :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. to be to have.

 

 

5.

I. ,

. .

1. I was so tired that I could sleep for a week.

2. Children mustnt play football in the streets.

3. People shouldnt smoke when there are children around.

4. They may arrive tomorrow or the day after.

5.You ought to hear the way he plays the piano.

 

 

II. ,

. ,

. .

 

1:

These machines are to replace the old

equipment of our shop. .

Are to - can Present Indefinite Active, . .

1. I think she will be able to understand everything.

2. From what he told me it sounded as if he had to see a doctor as soon as possible.

3. These shoes will have to be repaired.

4. We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to eight.

5. She was allowed to say anything she wanted.

 

 

III. .

Passive Voice,

.

 

2:

The following examples were made use of. .

Were made - Past Indefinite Passive to make.

 

 

1. Some of the rice is left plain to enable us to eat it with other dishes.

2. An area of rain forests the size of Austria is being destroyed every year.

3. Central heating has just bee



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