, , OSI. , .. (DARPA), (IEEE, ISO, ITU-T), (Apple, Banyan, Cisco, DEC, IBM, Novell, SUN), (AF, FRF) (IETF, RFC). : DARPA (TCP/IP), Apple (AppleTalk), Novell ( Novell).
TCP/IP, . OSI . , (Dalacom Networking. -Ericsson Radio System AB, 2001 [1]) (A world of protocols. Millennium Edition. - RADCOM Academy, 1999 [2]), . [1] , OSI , . , BGP RIP ( , ) , EGP, ICMP, IGMP, OSPF - 4, [2] 3. ARP RARP [1] 3, [2] - 2.
, ( OSI): ( 5-7), (4), (3) (2), . 12-1. :
- 4 - " " 4: TCP UDP;
- 3 - " " IP; RFC 1700;
- 2 - " " Ethernet.
.12-1.
, RIP OSPF , . RIP (520 UDP), ID 4, , [1], 5. OSPF , (9), ID 3, 4, 3, [2]. , , TCP/IP [1]:
- - ( ): BGP(179), , FTP(20,21), (80), RIP(39), SMTP(25), Telnet(23), TFTP(69), ..: DHCP, DNS(53), IMAP2(143), NTP(123), (), RADIUS, SNMP(161);
- - : TCP UDP, ..: EGP, EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IGP, IGRP, OSPF, RSVP, ;
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- () - : IP, ARP, RARP, ..: IARP, 1 .;
- - .. , : IEEE 802.2 (LLC), 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.5 (TR), 802.6 (FDDI), PPP, LAPB, LAPD, LABF, LABM . ( TCP/IP); : CSLIP, RSRB, SLIP . ( TCP/IP) [2].
, -, OSI. TCP/IP ( [1,2]), : .. - . 3- . - .: , 2005 [3]).
: , (1), , (2). : , , FTP, HTTP, RIP, SMTP, Telnet, TFIT.
: DHCP, DNS, 1, NTP, POP3, RADIUS, SNMP.
. : TCP UDP ( ). 4 : EGP, EIGRP, IGP, IGRP, OSPF, RSRV, .
. ( IP, ): ARP, IARP, ICMP, IGMP, PIM, RARP.
. , .: CSLIP, RSRB, SLIP.
IP
IP- - , JIC 3 . . , QoS, .
IP (, ) (DG) , , . (best efforts - 0- QoS) , .
IP RFC 791 IETF STD 0005. IPv4 IPv6, .
IPv4
IP, .12-2. - 20 ( 5 4 ). ( ):
- Ver - Version - (4 : 0, 4-7): 0100 - IPv4,0101 - Stream Datagram Mode, 0110 - IPv6; , IP; ;
- IHL - Internet Header length - - (4 : 0, 0-3), 0101 - 20 ; 5 15 ( 4 );
- Total length - DG ( 2,3), .. 216-1 (.. 65535 ), - 576 ;
- ToS - Type of Service - ( 1, 0-7), Diflserv (IETF); 0-2 DG: 000 - , 111 - ; : OSPF, BGP;
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- Identification - ID- ( 4,5), DG ;
- Flags - ( 6, 5-7), 0 5 DG, 6 , 1 7 , , , DG , DG , ICMP , DG;
- Fragment Offset - (13 6, 7); DG , , .. 0-65535 (216-1);
- Time To Live (TTL, 8) - DG (1-255) ( TTL=64);
- Protocol - ( 9), IP: 1 (ICMP), 2 (IGMP), 4 (IP), 6 (TCP), 17 (UDP), 88 (IGRP) 9,89 (OSPF), . RFC 1700;
- Header Checksum - ( 10,11), , ;
- Source IP Address - IP- / (4 : 12-15), .. , , (. );
- Destination IP Address - IP- / (4 : 16-19), .. , , , D (. );
- Options - ( , 3 );
- Padding - (1-3 ), , 4 ; IP Data - IP- ( .. , IP- 65535 ).
0 | 61 | 2-3 | |||
7-6-5-4 | 13-2-1-0 | 7-0 | 7-0 | 7-0 | |
Ver | IHL | ToS | Total length | ||
Identification | Flaqs | Fragment offset | |||
TTL | Protocol | Header checksum | |||
(SA) | |||||
(DA) | |||||
Options + Padding | |||||
IP Data | |||||
.12-2. IPv4
DG PL ( ) Ethernet, TR, FDDI, X.25 (IPoX.25), FR (IPoFR), ATM (IPoATM) . DG .. , . (MTU), . , Ethernet MTU=1500 , FDDI=4096 . Fragment offset () DG. , 8 (1- ). DG .
IPv6
IPv6 - IP (RFC 1883), IETF 1996. 1998. (RFC 2460). IP (v4 v6), IPv6 , IPv4, (RFC 1933), TCP/IP 3 . , IP, Iv6/Iv4-. IPv6 :
CIDR:
- CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) - - , (RFC 1517-1519);
(-) (.. ARP);
I-;
DG ( MTU ).
IPv6 IPv4. / / 16 ( 128 ), .. : 2128, 3,4 1038 ( IPv4 - 29 !). : ( IPv4), :
ID | ID | ID | ID // |
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( ) . ( 20), . 010 1/8.
ID | ID | ID | ||||
5 | 16 | 8 | 24 | 8 | 64 |
"ID-" , : InterNIC (), RIPE (), APNIC (). , 64 " ". , IPv4 , . .. , ( ) . IPv6 :
unicast - , , .. (global) - , , (link-local} (site-local) - , (ATM, FR, Ethernet, TR, FDDI); ( 118 10 );
multicast - , , ;
anycast - , - , DG .. , IPv6 " " (source routing), , DQ; , .
IPv6 , (broadcasting), , , (flooding) - "" , .
IPv6 IPv4 -compatible, 32 128- IPv6. DG : .
40 , . .
Version ( ) (4 ) | Priority () (4 ) | Protocol label ( ) (24 ) |
(16 ) | (8 ) | (8 ) |
/ (128 ) | ||
/ (128 ) | ||
IP- ( ) |
.12-3. Ipv6
:
- Version IPv4;
- "" DG (0-7 - , 8-15 - );
- " " " " (Flow label) DG, , RSVP;
- " " , " "; , Protocol IPv4, , IP.
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. IPv6:
Routing - , ( IP-) - ;
Fragmentation - , ( MTU , ICMP);
Authentication - , DG;
Encryption - , ;
Hop-by-Hop Option - , , ( );
Destination Option - , /. , .