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. . . , . , , . . - . ", " - , , . . , ; , .

- - , , , "" . - () , , , , .

. : stalls "" "", . , . , . , , . , ( ) . , "stalls", "", , ( , - ). , "parterre" - "" " , ".

. - "" pineapple. - . , , . ... . , . , , , ... , , , - .

" " . ( , , , ) . , , . , . .

: , , . "big" "large" ( ) - "". "large" "". , , ( ) , .

- , . "" . , , - . -.

, "manager" - "", "to manage" - ", ". , "". , - "" . - .

  . , : , , , . : . , . , 1 .. 1 .. () . , . ( ); ( ); , 7 ; , 15-16 ( , ). , . 8-10 , . , . . . , . . . , , , .   -   , , .   , , . , . , , , .   ..   o , , . . , . . . . , . , . . , . , ("meat "milk). , , , , , , ("butyrum, "caseus). , , : ("cherry . "cerasum), ("pear . "pirum), ("plum . "prunus), ("pea . "pisum), ("beet . "beta), ("pepper . "piper). : ("cup . "cuppa), ("kitchen . "coquina), ("mill . "molina), ("port . "portus), ("wine . "vinum). , , , . , ( ) . ..   ( ) . , , , o . - (, ). , ("bald, "down, "glen, "brad, "cradle). , , , . , -. "Avon, "Exe, "Esk, "Usk, "ux, , ("river "water). , "Llyn+dun, "Llyn "river, "dun , . - . , ("street . "strata via) ("wall . "vallum). ..   . , , , . , , . , , . , , , , : , ("priest . "presbyter), ("bishop . "episcopus), ("monk . "monachus), ("nun . "nonna), ("candle . "candela). , , , , . , , ("school) (. "schola, , , ), , , , ("scholar . "scholar(-is), "magister . "magister). C 8 11 . : "call (v.), take (v.), cast (v.), die (v.), law (n.), husband (n.), window (n.), ill (adj.), loose, (adj.), low (adj.), weak (adj.). "sk-". , sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt. . , ("bread), ("piece) "braud. ("dream), ("joy), "dramur. 1066   (Hastings), , , . 11 . . , , . . . . : state, government, parliament, council, power. : court, judge, justice, crime, prison. : army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy. : pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil. : table, plate, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle, etc.   , , , , . , , . (1 ..), . (, major, minor, moderate, intelligent, permanent, to elect, to create). , (, datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music). , . . , . . . : routine, police, machine, ballet, matinee, scene, technique, bourgeois, . : piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel , , , . 1. , . , 65-70%, . , . . , - , , , ( ). , , : , , , , , , , ("house, "child, "water, "go, "come, "eat, "good, "bad, ..) , , , , ( ) . , : 5 , . , . , ( ) . , . . 1. : father, mother, brother, son, daughter. 2. : foot, nose, lip, heart. 3. : cow, swine, goose. 4. : tree, birch, corn. 5. : day, night. 6. : sun, moon, star. 7. : red, new, glad, sad. 8. 1 1000. 9. - ( "they, ) . 10. : be, stand, sit, eat, know. , . , . : head, hand, arm, finger, bone. 2. : bear, fox, calf. 3. : oak, fir, grass. 4. : rain, frost. 5. : winter, spring, summer. 6. : sea, land. 7. : house, room, bench. 8. : boat, ship. 9. : green, blue, grey, white, small, thick, high, old, good. 10. : see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink. . , , , : , , . Star: Germ. - Stern, Lat. - Stella, Gr. - aster. Stand: Germ. stehen, Lat. - stare, R. . : "bird, "boy, "girl, "lord, "lady, "woman, "daisy, "always. 9 . .. ("englisc) , . 56 . .. , , , . , , ( ) , , ( ). , , . - , 731, .. , 449 . , , : , , ; , ; , , . , , . , (. "angle, . "angulus) , . , "Angli, "Engle. 1000 .. "Angel-cyn ( ), "Engla-land ( , ) : , . ( ), , , (.. ) (.. ), . , : , , . 8 . , (871899) . , , . , , , . , , . , ( : "better than I (, )), (with a troop of friends ( )), ("he slew the dragon with a sword ( )), ("the book you gave (to) me (, )). 25 , :"feet (), "geese (), "teeth (), "men (), "women (), "lice () "mice (). ( "-n), "brethren (), "children () "oxen (). , "treen "trees () "housen "houses (). , - (.. ), "-en . "-s "stan stanas ( ), (. . "stone stones). , ( ); , , 15 ., , . , "this (//), "these () "that (//), "those (), "-er, "-est, , , , "greater (///), "greatest (///). , , . , .. , , . , , . , , "like ("as like as two peas (, )), ("I like this ( )), ("as like as not ( [.: , ])) ("to swim like a duck ( )), ("We shall not see his like again (, , )). , , , , , , - . . , 793 , 870 . , , , , , . - , , ; , , , , . 954 I , , . ( 10161035), ( 1016), ( 1019) ( 1028). , , , , , . : Nor-breck (), Garri-gill (), Sea-scale ( ), Wither-slack ( ), Brai-thwaite () , Arn-both (), Levens-hulme ( ), How-thorpe () . . "law (, ), "by-law ( ) "outlaw (). "husband , "fellow , , .. , . (ridings) (thirdings), , (wapentakes) , -. "calf ( ()), "leg (, ), "skin () "skull" (); "bull (), "kid () "rein(deer) ( ; "anger (), "axle (), "band (, , ), "bank (, , "birth (), "boon (, ), "crook (), "dirt (), "down (), "dregs (, ), "egg (), "gait (), "gap (), (), "girth (); "awkward (), "flat (), "happy (), "ill (), "loose (, ), "low (, "odd (, ), "tight (, ), "ugly (), "weak (); "call (), "cast (), "clasp (), "clip (), "crawl (), "cut (), "die (), "droop (, ). Nay "no , "fro ( "to and fro -) "from (, ). "till "until () "both (/) "same ( ). "they (), "their (), heora "him. , , , . , , , 17 . . 1066 . 15 . , . , , . , . 16 . . - , (8 .) (12 .), , . , , , . , () () , : "grammar (), "logic () "rhetoric (); "arithmetic (), "geometry (), "astronomy () "music (). . , "drama (), "theatre (), "comedy (), "tragedy (), "catastrophe (), "climax (), "episode (), "scene (), "monologue (), "dialogue (), "prologue () "epilogue (); 1920 . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , "tele () "telehydrobarometer () "telephotography (); , "television (); "macro (, ) "micro () , , . 16 . . , "gravity (), "infernal (), "position () "solid (, ), , ; "index (), "item (), "simile () . , . : "chance (, ) "cadence (, ), "count () "compute (), "frail "fragile (), . . . -, , , , , "leal, "loyal, "legal "real, "royal, "regal. . "spitting "expectoration (, ), "sneezing "sternutation (), "sleeplessness "insomnia (). , , , "metamorphosis () "transformation (); , , . . , , . - , , , , , . , 17 18 (Received Standard English). (16311700) . , , , 17 . . (1678), , , (1719), . , , , , . - , 1635 XIV. 1662 , . , , , , . 22 , . , . . , . 1714 , , , . 1755 , , , , .   () 400 . , , , "-est "-eth . , , . (.. ) , , (.. ) . , , "life (), "deed (, ), "deal (), "name (), "home ( ), "moon () "house () 1516 . . , (Great Vowel Shift), . , , , . , "sk . , . . : (-ion): legion, opinion (-tion): relation, temptation : (-ate): appreciate, create, congratulate (-ute): attribute, distribute (-ct): act, collect, conduct (dis-): disable, disagree : (-able): detestable, curable (-ate): accurate, graduate (-ant): constant, important (-ent): absent, evident (-or): major, senior (-al): final, maternal (-ar): solar, familiar : (-ance): endurance, hindrance (-ence): consequence, patience (-ment): appointment, development (-age): courage, marriage, village (-ess): actress, adventuress : (en-): enable, enact, enslave : (-ous): curious, dangerous , (, eatable, lovable). ? , . , , ("butter", "plum", "beet"), , , . "potato "tomato , . , . ( ), - , , , , . , , , , ( ) , , . . "cordial "friendly, "desire "wish, "admire "adore "like "love. . . . , . . , , . , ? . , , , , . , , .. , . , , "dinner, "cat, "take, "cup . , , . , "distance "development ; "skin "sky "sk; "police "regime . : , . , () . . , "table, "plate, "courage, "chivalry . () , , 15 , - -: "regime, "valise, "matinee, "cafe, "ballet. . . , . , ( ) . . 19 , . : "datum (pl. data), "phenomenon (pl. phenomena), "criterion (pl. criteria), , , , "cup, "plum, "street, "wall . . , , , : , .. , , - . . - , . , , "large "wide". , , "wide", . "large , "wide". , . , . . ("philosophy, "mathematics, "physics, "chemistry, "biology, "medicine, "linguistics, "lexicology). ("music, "theatre, "drama, "tragedy, "comedy, "artist, "primadonna), ("football, "volley-ball, "baseball, "hockey, "cricket, "rugby, "tennis, "golf). , , ("politics, "policy, "revolution, "progress, "democracy, "communism, "anti-militarism). 20 : "atomic, "antibiotic, "radio, "television, "sputnik( ). , , , : "coffee, "cocoa, "chocolate, "banana, "mango, "avocado, "grapefruit. , "son, "Sohn, " , . , , .. , , . Etymological Doublets , () , . . : "shrew, . (.) "screw, . (.). : "canal (.) "channel (.), "captain (.) "chieftain (.). , : "travel (. .) "travail" (. .), "cavalry (. .) "chivalry (. .), "gaol (. .) "jail (. .). , , , , : "history "story, "fantasy "fancy, "defence "fence, "shadow "shade. (.. ) , , , : "hospital (.) "hostel (. .) "hotel (. .); "to capture (.) "to catch (. .) "to chase (. .). Translation-Loans . , , . , (.. , ). : "masterpiece ( . "Meisterstuck), "wonder child ( . "Wunderkind), first dancer ( . "prima-ballerina). ? . . , , , , , , . , , : "to begin "to commence, "to wish "to desire, "happiness" "felicity. , ; : "motherly "maternal, "fatherly "paternal, "childish "infantile", "daughterly "filial.  

 

 

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