*
( ,
1 1992 . )
25-1
1 100 ("Ls"), , **, . (Ls) 80 , 100 , 1 1998 .
2 , .
3 , , , . , , .
25-2
, :
1.1 " " , .
1.2 " " , , .
1.3 " " 60 , .
2.1 " (Le) " , , .
* , , -1, , , .
** , , -1:
.1 1 -73/78;
.2 ;
.3
(.469());
.4 (.534(13));
.5 27 -66, .320(1) .514(13), 12(f) .320(1).
2.2 " " .
|
|
2.3 " " .
2.4 " " .
3 " () " .
4 " (d) " , .
5 " ()" , .
25-3
"R"
1 .
2 :
.1 (Ls) 100 :
R = (0,002 + 0,0009 Ls)^1/3
Ls ;
.2 (Ls) 80 , 100 :
R = 1 {1/(1+/Ls/100*Ro/(1-Ro))}
Ro - R, 2.1.
25-4
""
1 "", , , "R", 2 25-3.
2 "" :
= pisi
"i" ,
"pi" ,
"si" , .
3 "" .
4 , "".
5 , , , .
6 , , , , ; (), , .
7 . , , .
|
|
8 , , , , , , . , , , .
9 , , .
25-5
"i"
1 pi" 1.1, :
1 Lg ;
2 Le ;
E1= x1/Ls,
E2=x2/Ls,
E=E1+E2-l,
J=E2-El,
J=1+, > 0,
J'=J+E, < 0.
Jmax ~ 48/Ls, 0,24.
=1,2+0,8, 1,2.
F=0,4+0,25 (1,2+),
Y=J/Jmax,
p= F1 Jmax,
q=0,4 F2(Jmax)^2
F1=^2-y^3/3, <1,
F1=y 1/3 ;
F2= y^3/3 y^4/12, <1,
F2= y^2/2 y/3+1/12, .
1.1 pi :
1.1.1 Ls:
Pi=1.
1.1.2 :
pi = F+0,5ap+q.
1.1.3 :
pi = l - F+0,5ap.
1.1.4 , Ls:
Pi = a
1.1.5 , 1.1.2,-1.1.4, " ", , , , q, F2 , = J /Jmax.
2 , pi , 3, r 2.2, , .
2.1 pi 3, (1-r).
2.2 r :
.J > 0,2b/:
r=b/B(2,3+ 0,08/(J+0,02))+0,l, b/ < 0,2
r=(0,016/(J+0,02))+b/B+0,36, b/>0,2
J<0,2 b/ r
r = 1, J = 0
= , J > 0,2 b/, J=0,2 b/,
:
b ( ), , , , pi.
|
|
3 pi , 1 2.
3.1 pi, , :
, :
Pi = pl2-pl-p2,
1 = 23-2-3 ..;
:
Pi = P123 - 12 - 23 + 2,
Pi = P234 - P23 - P34 + . .;
:
Pi = 1234 - 123 - 234 + 23,
Pi = 2345 - 234 - 345 + P34., ..;
p12, 23, P34, ...,
pi23,234, P345, ..
1234, 2345, 3456, ..
, 1 2, , J , , , .
3.2 pi , , Jmax.
25-6
"si"
1 si :
1.1 s
s= (0,5(GZmax)())^1/2
= 1, Qe < 25,
= 0, Qe >30,
C = (30-Qe/5)^1/2 ;
GZmax ( ) , , 0,1 ;
( ), 20; , , , ;
Qe ( );
1.2 s = 0, , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , .
1.3 si :
si = 0,5s1 + 0,5sp,
s1 s ;
sp s .
2 , , s, , , 1.
3 , , .
|
|
3.1 s , 1.1, v, 3.3, , .
3.2 "" - s , 1.1, (1-v).
3.3 vj :
v= (͗d)/(Hmax d) | , , m, | |
vi = | m, |
, ( ), . | ||
m | ( ), |
max = d + 0,056Ls(1 Ls/500), Le < 250 (),
max = d+ 7, Ls>250 ()
, .
25-7
, :
0,60 | |
0,95 | |
0,85 | |
0,95 | |
0,70 | |
0 0,95 * |
25-8
1 , , . :
.1 GM , 25-1 -25-7, , , KG , ;
.2 , ;
.3 , .
2 , , . , .
3 , 1.1, GM ( KG), , ; GM . , , GM , GM , .
25-9
1 , . , , , , .., . ,
|
|
________________
* , .
, , .
2 , , , , , . , , - , . , . . . .
3 , , , , , , . , , . .
4 , , . , , . ; . -
5 , , , , . , .
25-10
1 , , , , .
2 , , 1, , , , .
3 , , , . - , , .
4 3, , , .
5 , , , , . , .