:
1. 1. ...................3
2. 2. . .....7
3. 3. ...............................15
4. 4. .......................... 22
5. 5. ....................................27
6. 6. ..........................32
7. 7. . ....... 37
8. 8. . ................................................. .........44
9. 9. . .........................................................52
10. ...............................100
11. .............................. 101
1.
. , . , : , , , . : ( ) ( , ). .
, , --. -- , . , , . , .. , , . . . , , . , , () . , . , , .
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( ) , .
() . , , NaCl CsCl.
, . .
, , , , .. ; , , . .
. : , , . ( , , ) .
( ) , . , , , . , , . , N ,
U= , (1.1)
Ui - i- , U(rij) - , rij. ( ) ()
U(r) = U (r) +U(r) . (1.2)
r = r0 U(r) ,
F = - . (1.3)
, F = F .
U = - , α - , m - . m = 1 , m = 6 - . U = , b n >0 - .
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U = - . (1.4)
n æ:
æ = - , (1.5)
V- , P- .
,
B = . (1.6)
-
U = , (1.7)
e s - , b,
e = ; s = . (1.8)
, 2N , :
. (1.9)
() . a - , .