if - , unless - .
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1. , .
:
If + Present Simple will + Infinitive
If we clear the forest many animals ,
will die. .
2. , , .
:
If + Past Simple would + Infinitive
If the trees didnt make oxygen we -
wouldnt be able to live. ,
.
3. , .
:
If + Past Perfect would + Perfect Infinitive
If we had cleared the forest many ,
animals would have died. .
1
I. , - -. .
1. They spent their vacation at the same village where they had lived many years ago.
2. Isnt Professor Blake going to be invited to make a speech?
3. As French was constantly spoken around him, he soon became familiar enough with the language to understand a great deal of what was said.
II. , it, that, one.
1. The authorities found it necessary to close all schools.
2. One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air.
3. That computers and industrial robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. The study of theory is accompanied by practical training.
2. I had to get up early yesterday.
3. The development of science is closely connected with the development of higher education.
4. She has just passed her History exam.
5. Our company is doing well now.
IV. , .
1. You can easily bring the people you need together electronically.
2. Have you still got the journal you showed me some days ago?
V. ; , to let.
1. Let us know when they will go on a hike.
2. Let me do it myself.
VI. , , , .
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1. The books written by Charles Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England.
2. Watching football matches may be exciting enough, but of course it is more exciting playing football.
3. I hate to bother you, but the students are still waiting to be given books for their works.
VII. , , .
1. He is believed to be of different opinion on this question.
2. Our teacher hates us to be late.
3. The members of the committee were expected to come to an agreement.
4. He ordered the documents to be checked carefully.
5. He ordered the secretary to check the documents carefully.
6. The river is believed to be suitable for navigation.
VIII. , .
1. At last the excitement died down, the captain having assured the passengers, that there was no longer the slightest danger.
2. Having introduced the new words, the teacher asked one of the students to read them.
3. The key having been lost, they could not enter the cottage.
IX. , .
1. Should he fail his examination he will be allowed to try again in a month.
2. Had we come to the station a minute earlier we should not have missed the train.
3. You could stay in my place provided you promise to leave no mess.
X. .
OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The University of Oxford may be said to date from 1214, when the first charter was granted by the Pope, but long before this date there had existed in the town a number of religious communities and these were the real beginning of the University.
First there were only about 60 chapels and a student was living and studying at one of these chapels learning theology, logic and rhetoric. Oxford University of today is a federation of 48 colleges, each largely independent.
The governing body of Oxford University is the congregation of 1500 men- the assembly of all the members of the colleges. The colleges admit students, organize programs, students work and residence, laboratories, libraries and term examinations and confers degrees. Forty colleges of 48 admit only men, two colleges are mixed and six colleges are only for women.
A person studying for a degree at a British University is called a graduate. B.A. or B.Sc. stands for Bachelor of Arts or of Science, the first degree given after a period of 3-4 years of specialized study at a University. M.A. or M. Sc. denotes Master of Arts, or of Science, a higher degree, usually conferred after a years post-graduate study.
Social changes have certainly transformed Oxford considerably. Some of the traditions have gone in the past. However in spite of all these changes Oxford has not lost its distinctive character.
2
I. , - -. .
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1. He went somewhere after returning to America from Europe, and for years has not been heard of.
2. These goods are being exported to all European countries.
3. They have never closed the library at eight oclock.
II. , it, that, one.
1. The engineer was told that he might test the device in the afternoon.
2. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future.
3. One may get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them till the end of the academic year.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. I am to leave for London soon.
2. We were taught to use the lab equipment.
3. He is good at mathematics and does it whenever he has a chance.
4. The car has brought mobility to millions of people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere.
5. Next term I shall do research in the field of computer engineering.
IV. , .
1. They realized they might be close to the discovery of a new material.
2. I never regret the five years I spent on a farm.
V. ; , to let.
1. Let them look through these newspapers.
2. Let him apologize.
3. Let her tell about her work.
VI. , , , .
1. Clyde was awfully glad to have renewed his acquaintance with Sondra.
2. As we were given dictionaries, we managed to translate the article easily.
3. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the living room.
VII. , , .
1. This problem proved to be very difficult.
2. The meeting is unlikely to be postponed.
3. The buyers asked the sellers to reduce the price.
4. The representative of the firm asked the manager to send the documents by airmail.
5. We know them to be experienced enough to perform the work.
VIII. , .
1. The play being very popular, it was very difficult to get tickets.
2. Having been achieved the success did not prevent the poet from working hard and developing his talent.
3. There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.
IX. , .
1. If he runs all the way he will get there in time.
2. If anyone should ring up say that Ill be back soon.
3. But for your help I should not have been able to finish my work by Saturday.
4. If you study hard, you will pass your exams well.
5. My report would be ready tomorrow provided I had all the necessary material.
X. .
THE UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE (SCOTLAND)
Strathclyde is an exciting and stimulating environment in which to study. Founded in 1796 by John Anderson, Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow University, it has quickly earned a reputation as a center of excellence in scientific and technological education. By 1993 Strathclyde was organized into 5 faculties: Arts and Social Studies, Business, Engineering, Science and Education.
The University main campus is only a stones throw from Glasgows civic center. It means that students can enjoy an unparalleled range of amenities right on their doorstep. The Faculty of Education, for instance, supports the academic and recreational needs of its students through the wide range of facilities which include a library, theatre, bank, two shops, refectory, swimming pools, gymnasia and sports grounds.
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As for cultural activities, the University Theatre Group has presented everything from new interpretations of Shakespeare to the latest drama from the USA. The Drama Centers professional staff and visiting specialists offer regular workshops in most areas of theatre practice, including acting, design, voice, mime and movement.
Strathclyde postgraduates can take advantage of careers services in the UK. A particular feature of the University is its strength in contract research. It is one of two Universities that have been most successful in working with industry in developing academic research into commercial applications. Once close working relationships of this sort have been formed, other areas of work, such as training studentships, staff secondments and visiting professorships follow.
Thus, you will find that Strathclyde has a reputation as Scotlands most dynamic and innovative university.
3
I. , - -. .
1. We need more water for agriculture, yet we are now wasting hundreds of tons of water a day.
2. We shall send you the goods as soon as they are available.
3. The house was being built, when I learned at school.
II. , it, that, one.
1. The important fact is that electricity offers improved service at reduced cost.
2. It is industrialization that is making ecological problems very serious.
3. One must study six years to become an engineer.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. The work was done perfectly.
2. Measures are being taken to save Lake Baikal.
3. According to the weather forecast, itll be raining the whole day tomorrow.
4. They will have to repair their car.
5. Computers of different types and sizes have appeared in every country of the world.
IV. , .
1. Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes.
2. We shall spend our holidays in the same village we visited last year.
V. ; , to let.
1. Let us book the tickets beforehand.
2. Let her put on her new dress.
3. Let him apologize.
4. Let us send a letter to her mother.
5. Let me do it myself.
VI. , , , .
1. After being corrected by the teacher, the students papers were returned to them.
2. The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well- known musician.
3. Very high temperatures often cause certain materials to break.
VII. , , .
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1. We asked our partners to be informed of the arrival of the cargo.
2. He ordered the goods to be sold immediately.
3. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.
4. The telegram was not likely to reach them in time.
5. The negotiations are said to have been completed already.
VII. , .
1. Having taken the examinations, he went to his native town.
2. All the students having finished the translation in time, we could check it in class.
3. Having achieved the necessary results, we decided to describe them in our article.
VIII. , .
1. If you annoy the cat she will scratch you.
2. But for the storm we should have arrived in time.
3. Unless it stops raining we shall not be able to go to the country.
IX. .
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England located at the Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of the 12th century. The University consists of 24 different colleges including 4 for women. Each college is self-governing. The head of the University is the chancellor who is elected for life.
Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The teachers are commonly called dons and tutors. Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which the Cambridge University is famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges.
Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the students work and once a week a student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many other subjects.
After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelors degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Students are required to wear gowns at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, university hostel, the use of libraries, etc. Very few students get grants. The cost of education depends on the college and specialty.
A number of great men, well-known scientists and writers studied at Cambridge. Among them are: Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Bacon, the philosopher, Milton and Byron, the poets, Cromwell, the soldier, Newton and Darwin, the scientists.
4
I. , - -. .
1. Why is she being looked at now?
2. This building had been built by the end of the last century.
3. When the students complete their control work their mistakes will be corrected by the teacher.
II. , it, that, one.
1. One must observe traffic regulations when crossing the street.
2. The efficiency of the new computer is much higher than that of the old one.
3. It was a very interesting article about the development of the national economy.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. He had to read a lot of books to make his report.
2. Have you given them any work?
3. I had no time to go there.
4. The letter will be posted at once.
5. They were to have arrived at seven oclock.
IV. , .
1. We thought you had accepted their invitation.
2. I learnt he had been rector of our University for about ten years.
3. He said he preferred to spend his days off at home.
V. ; , to let.
1. Let s send her a letter from her brother.
2. Let her send a letter to her brother.
VI. , , , .
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1. The results obtained showed that this scientist was right.
2. When showing him my poems I always want to know his opinion.
3. He found the problem too difficult to solve.
4. There is nothing to trouble about.
VII. , , .
1. I never heard him speak French.
2. Approximately 500.000 steel workers were reported to have gone on strike in the United States on October 1.
3. The plan likely to be approved seems to provide for the immediate construction of a new power station.
4. The delegation is expected to arrive to-morrow.
5. She saw him come into the house and went downstairs to meet him.
VIII. , .
1. The letter having been delayed, the news reached us too late.
2. The negotiations between the American and British representatives were conducted behind closed doors, measures having been taken that no correspondent should receive any information.
3. Having been warned that the river was rising rapidly, they turned back.
IX. , .
1. If we had a car we would get there quite quickly.
2. If you started working right away you could finish by noon.
3. Had you invited him earlier he would have come to your birthday party.
X. .
THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
The University of London was created to conduct the examination and to grant degrees upon the students from any institution situated anywhere in the British Empire.
Up until 1900 the University of London was only an examining and degree-awarding body, but in that year an Act of Parliament permitted to provide lecture rooms, museums, laboratories, work shops, etc. for both teaching and research. Today the University of London is a federation of colleges, each largely independent. There are four faculties of Theology, thirteen of Arts, thirty-one of Medicine, ten of Science, etc.
The University of London grants degrees to all who satisfy its examinations, with the exceptions of engineering and medical degrees (for which the study at an approved institution is required). The London external degree has been of great importance in the development of the university system.
Many of the new independent universities were at first university colleges (i.e. university institutions which could not award their own degrees) and for them the University of London became the degree-awarding body. The London external degree is very important to students in technical colleges and some teacher-training colleges, as well as for private students working on their own, away from educational centers.
The development of new qualifications (e.g. the new Diploma in Technology) and increasing enrollment in regular university courses have made the external degree less important.
5
I. , - -. .
1. I was recommended another doctor.
2. The dinner had been eaten before the conversation was finished.
3. They were being taught drawing at that lesson.
II. , it, that, one.
1. This wireless set is better than that one.
2. One must always keep ones word.
3. It is the industrial concentration that makes Sheffield unique.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. I had a bad toothache, but just hadnt enough courage to go to the dentist.
2. Do they have to hurry?
3. Who is to speak next?
4. That is a very difficult problem for us.
5. The new modern building of a picture gallery is to be set up in one of those industrial centers. It is being designed by a group of talented architects.
IV. , .
1. I know he will speak about our future work at the meeting.
2. They were sure this Research Institute had been founded several years ago.
V. ; , () to let.
1. Let him read the text.
2. Let the students correct their mistakes in their control works.
VI. , .
1. He insists on the problem being solved at once.
2. Making these experiments we can compare the weight of elements.
3. The material to be tested had interesting properties.
VII. , , .
1. We dont want him to be interrupted.
2. I have never seen him swim, but I have heard that he swims very well.
3. These agreement is likely to be concluded in near future.
4. He appears to be satisfied with the results of his work.
5. The documents are expected to be signed this week.
VIII. , .
1. Having returned from the expedition, he made a very interesting report.
2. The conversation was interesting, many designers taking part in it.
3. Having nver done such kind of work, he did not know what to begin with.
IX. , .
1. If Tom were here I could ask him to help us.
2. If I were you I should plant potatoes here.
3. He would have drowned if he had fallen through the ice.
X. .
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Founded in 1636, Harvard University is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the United States. From its classrooms have emerged six American presidents - from John Adams to John F. Kennedy - and an impressive group of statesmen, business leaders, and literary figures. Its campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, just across the Charles River from Boston provides a rich architectural mix that includes the ivy-covered brick of Puritan New England and the concrete and glass of contemporary design.
Today, the university includes Harvard and Radcliff undergraduate colleges, 10 professional schools, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and an extension school. There are some 1,600 students from every state and 45 foreign countries in it; tuition is about $12,000 a year, and 70% of those attending receive financial aid.
The university library system is the largest in the world; it contains more than 10 million volumes and subscribes to 100,000 periodicals. There are three notable art Museums which house works from ancient Egyptian to contemporary American. There is also a botanical Museum, 40 acres of fields, an experimental forest located in New England, a center for a study of the Italian Renaissance in Italy, and a center for Byzantine studies in Washington, D. C.
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