- , , .. (22, H2SO4, O2 ..).
- ?
1. .
, ( 2).
2. .
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, , , , . . 1.
. 2.
()
()
(n)
=
3.
. ( 1), , 1. , 1 . = ! , 1.
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.
- : ? - !
. .
118 , 94 . .
, .
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, (), . . , , ?
1 ( ) .
2 .
8 ( ) , .
7 ( ).
:
( .)
().
(, ), , . , , , (), . , .
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, , , , .
, , (57) (89). , .
!
, . . , , .. , (...).
1/12 , .. 12 ...
1/12 12 (?)
, , , .
l: (17, 17, 17), (35 37), Cl35 18, Cl37 20.
?
, , . , . . .
( ). (2 ) 2 ( ).
.
n , , , , . . . : 1, 2, 3, , ¥.
l , , 0 n 1. l, s-, p-, d- f-.
s- .
p- , - . d- f- .
. s- l=0, p- 1=1 () ..
l , , -, , l0+l.
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Ms , , : +1/2 1/2.
:
n . , .
l . , .
Ml . .
Ms . , ( ).
.
, , ( ).
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(): , ( ).
( ): , , . . (s-).
:
1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p 4 s 3 d 4 p 5 s 4 d 5 p 6 s 4 f 5 d 6 p 7 s 5 f 6 d 7 p.
, :
1. .
. , 17, , 17 . :
17Cl 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 5.
2. 23.
. 23 , , , 23 :
23V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3.
, (.. ) . . , : Cr: 1s22s22p63s23p64 s13d5, 1s22s22p63s23p64 s23d4, . . 4s- 3d-.
1. .
. , 17, , 17 . :
17Cl 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 5.
2. 23.
. 23 , , , 23 :
23V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3.
3.
) +30 ) +31 ) +15 ) +5
4.
) ; ) ;
) ; )
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5.
) 30 ) 35 ) 4 ) 2
6. Na, Mg, Al, Cl
) ; ) ; ) ; ) ,
7. , -
) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10; ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9;
) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10; ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d11.
8.
) 41 ) 2 ) 40 ) 20
9.
) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
10.
) 30 ) 26 ) 56 ) 55
11. 1s22s22p2
) RH4; ) RH3; ) RH2; ) RH. ()
12. , -
) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d114p3; ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d94p4;
) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d104p4; ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3.
13.
) 50 ) 76 ) 118 ) 106
14. . !
:
/ | n | ℓ | mℓ | ms |
+1/2 | ||||
1/2 | ||||
+1/2 | ||||
1/2 | ||||
+1/2 | ||||
+1/2 | ||||
1 | +1/2 |
15. 3d- .
. : 3s23p63d54s1( !). ! , 3d- :
/ | n | ℓ | mℓ | ms |
+1/2 | ||||
2 | +1/2 | |||
+1/2 | ||||
1 | +1/2 | |||
+1/2 |