, . , .. . , , . .
2 ++-
, , .
= =1,810-16 ( 22º)
- , 1 , 1 1000.
[2]= =55,56 ,
= =1,810-16
[+][-]=110-14 -/ ( ).
- , 10-14 -/.
, - +, .
+. [+]=[-]=√10-14=10-7-/. [+]>10-7-/, [+]<10-7-/.
, , .
=-lg[+], =-lg[-], +=14
. . - potenz (), ͻ- .
<7, =7, >7.
0,02. .
-
+2 3++-
++-
( ) :
=[+] [-]/[]
-
+ 2 ++-
-, + - . - :
b=[B+] [-]/[]
b .
b - .
b=10-14 +b=14, b=14-
, , , .
( - , ). , .
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, . , .
:
1. , .
3Na+ HOH 3H+NaOH
3-+ HOH 3H+ OH-, >7,
2. , .
NH4Cl+HOH NH4OH+HCl
NH4++ HOH NH4OH +H +, <7,
3. , .
3NH4 3-+ NH4+
3-+HOH 3H+ OH-
NH4++ HOH NH4OH+ H+
3NH4+HOH NH4OH+ 3H, ~7, .
. , .
, . , .
, Na2CO3, 34 , .
AlCl3, Cu(NO3)3, CrCl3 .
() (α). .
:
NH4Cl+H2O NH4OH+HCl
NH4++ H2O NH4OH+H+, <7,
, :
=[NH4OH][H+] =
[NH4+][H2O]
:
α =
, . , . . , (∆0=-56,5 /), . .
. , , , .., .
. , , , - , , - - .
R1-O-R2+H2O→ R1-OH + R2-OH
R1, R2 , .
, . , , . , .
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