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:




:

































 

 

 

 


. .




, . , .. . , , . .

2 ++-

, , .

= =1,810-16 ( 22º)

- , 1 , 1 1000.

[2]= =55,56 ,

= =1,810-16

[+][-]=110-14 -/ ( ).

- , 10-14 -/.

, - +, .

+. [+]=[-]=√10-14=10-7-/. [+]>10-7-/, [+]<10-7-/.

, , .

=-lg[+], =-lg[-], +=14

. . - potenz (), ͻ- .

<7, =7, >7.

0,02. .

-

+2 3++-

++-

( ) :

=[+] [-]/[]

-

+ 2 ++-

-, + - . - :

b=[B+] [-]/[]

b .

b - .

b=10-14 +b=14, b=14-

, , , .

 

( - , ). , .

, . , .

 

:

1. , .

3Na+ HOH 3H+NaOH

3-+ HOH 3H+ OH-, >7,

2. , .

NH4Cl+HOH NH4OH+HCl

NH4++ HOH NH4OH +H +, <7,

3. , .

3NH4 3-+ NH4+

3-+HOH 3H+ OH-

NH4++ HOH NH4OH+ H+

3NH4+HOH NH4OH+ 3H, ~7, .

. , .

, . , .

, Na2CO3, 34 , .

AlCl3, Cu(NO3)3, CrCl3 .

() (α). .

:

NH4Cl+H2O NH4OH+HCl

NH4++ H2O NH4OH+H+, <7,

, :

 

=[NH4OH][H+] =

[NH4+][H2O]

 

:

α =

 

, . , . . , (∆0=-56,5 /), . .

. , , , .., .

. , , , - , , - - .

R1-O-R2+H2O→ R1-OH + R2-OH

R1, R2 , .

, . , , . , .

 





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