11) , 12) , 13) ( )
. -
14) ( ), 15) - ( - , ), 16) ( ), 17) ( - ; ), 18) , 19) , 20) ( -), 21) -, ), 22) , 23) , 24) ( ), 25) ( ), 26) -- ( , ), 27) , ( )
II.
29) ( ), 30) , 31) ( ), 32) -, 33) - ( )
III.
34) , 35) , 36) , 37) .
[630] 1596 . , - , . .
[631] .
[632] ( ) . , , .
[633]- 1864 ., , .
[135]
Trotsky L. The History of the Russian Revolution. London, Gollencz, 1965. p. 24.
[634] II 1581 . . 1640 . .
[635] 1850-1854 . ( 1868 .) . ( ) . . . , . ( , , ) - , , ( , ) .
[636] , . 15 ( ) 1854 . 1868 . 118 1840 . ( : , ) 1958 .
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[637] , , , , 30 43 . 4 5 . . ( ) 500 . , . 1531 . , 130 57 ( ) , , . , , 6-8 ., , .
[638] (. 336-264 ..) () . . III ., 1- . II . .. , , . (), , XII . .., .
[136]
Albright W.F. From Stone Age to Christianity. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957, pp. 337-338.
[137]
air L. Primitive Government. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1962.pp.254-255.
[138]
Ibid.p.255.
[139]
.: Maquet J. Power and Society in Africa. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1971, pp. 122-123.
[140]
Deutscher I. Russia. China and the West. Oxford University Press. 1970. pp. 333-334.
[639] ( . . ) . XX . , . porte .
[640] 1889 . : 1908 ., , , .
[141]
Bowring J. Report on Egypt and India dated 27 March 1839 and addressed to the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Palmerston. London. Clowes and Clowes. 1849, p. 49.
[142]
.: Vatikiotis P. J. The Modern History of Egypt. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1969. pp. 49-125.
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[143]
Mason E.S. The Planning of Development.-Scientific American. September 1963. p. 235.
[144]
Brown M. B. After Imperialism. London. Heinemann. 1963. p. 407.
[641] , , -, , , , , . . XV .; : , .
[145]
.: Cohn N. The Pursuit of the Millenium. London, Temple Smith, 1970, p. 80.
[642] , , ( II ). , 70 70 , . : . 250 . .., 114 . .. , .
[643] . III . .. - I , , . , . .
[644] 726 ( 741 ) . III , , . , . . VI (866-912, . 886). . VII (905 959, . 913) , . , , , , , .
[645] , , .
[646] , . , ( ), , , . II . .. . 622 ., . .
[647] 316 . .
[648] , , , , .
[649] : . () , VII . . . , . - , , , . .
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[650] 841-846 . , .
[651] 53 : , .
[658]
2- . VII . . (673-735), , () , . , .
[652] . . , . , . (. 735-804): . , .
[653] . XVI XVII . ; , , , . (1530-1596), (1596-1650), (1657-1757), (1561-1626) (1666-1727).
[654] , . .
[655] , , ( ; , ; ), , . -. . . (IX ., ), (XIXII .) .
[656] 790-794 . . . , , . , (795) (824 825) , , .
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[657] 1945 . , , , , ; , , - .
[658] ( . t w t h r ), .
[659] . . , , , , , , , , - .
[660] . . 1911-1912 ., ; , (1862-1933), , , .
[661] , , . XIII .; . , , , , , , , .
[662] . (1580-1656) .
[663] .
[664] XIX . , . . . , , . - .
[665] , , ; . . 3000 . .. ( ?) , . (. . , 1395-1455) (. 1420-1492) c , , , .
[666] . - , .
[667] nanny . . (. , ) .
[668] , , . ; XIX . , (, ) .