-
..
2008
54(07)
24.1 7
23
- -
: .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..
. . . . ..
: - . - : - , 2008.-.
ISBN 5-7831-0780-8
- . , ,
54(07)
24.1 7
ISBN 5-7831-0780-8
, 2008
.., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..-, .., .., ..-, .., .., ..,
. | ||
1. | ||
2. . - | ||
3. | ||
4. | ||
5. | ||
6. | ||
7. - . | ||
8. . | ||
9. . | ||
10. |
1
: " ",
1.
. - | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
- - | 3.1 ( ) | 3.2 | |||
I | (1, 3, 10, 15, 20) | CF4; SiF62- | Ar; Cu | ||
(4, 7, 21, 29, 30) | NF3; ICl4+ | CCl4; CaCl2 | |||
(2, 6, 12 31, 40) | H2O2; PCI6- | S8; Mg | |||
(5, 11, 18, 37, 47) | SO3; PO43- | P4; CuCl2 | |||
(9, 13, 19, 21, 22) | PF3Cl2,H3PO3 | C2H2Cl2; W | |||
(10, 16, 27, 31, 32) | HNO2; CH3OCH3 | NH3; Li3N | |||
(14, 21, 28, 33, 39) | CH3CH2OH; SO2 | FeCl3; Fe | |||
(5, 10, 15, 20,26) | CHCl3; SO42- | CH3OH; SiO2 | |||
(4, 8, 12, 17,22) | HClO3; CO32- | CH2O; MgO | |||
(17, 21, 23,29, 32) | ClO2-; SCl4 | C2H5OH; K2SO4 | |||
(4, 14, 24, 34, 43) | H2Se; COCl2 | CH3COOH; SiC | |||
(5, 11,17, 23, 51) | AsH3; NO2 | CH2Cl2; Ni | |||
(8,12, 20, 21, 24) | SiCl4; H2SO3 | COF2; MgF2 | |||
(3, 7, 13, 20, 32) | SCl2; HNO2 | Ti; TiCl2 | |||
(7, 14, 19, 25, 43) | SOCl2; HNO3 | HF; KF | |||
(8. 18, 28, 38. 48) | KClO3; SO32-; | BF3; BN | |||
(7, 12, 16, 20, 25) | H2SO4; C2H3F | CH3CHO; Cr | |||
(3, 11, 19, 31, 34) | SO2; HNO3 | COCl2; KCl | |||
(6, 16, 26, 36, 45) | Na2SO3; HClO4 | HCOOH; Ne | |||
(21, 23, 27, 37, 48) | CH3OO; IBr3 | Ni; NiCl2 | |||
(7, 9, 21, 23, 26) | CH3CH2OO; SiF62-; | C2H4Cl2; V | |||
(31, 33, 35, 37, 38) | C2H4Cl2; BrF5 | Br2; KBr | |||
(14, 24, 34, 44, 46) | C2H2 ; SF6 | CHCl3; Zn | |||
(12, 23, 35, 48, 54) | H2CO3; CH3OONa | CH3NH2; Ag | |||
(3, 13, 17, 21, 26) | HCCl3 ; HClO4 | SiF4; Na2S |
1 :
|
|
1.1 - . , : ( )
n | l | ml | ms |
? ?
1.2. (s-, p-, d-, f-), . . ? , . - . ? ? . - , - , ?
1.3. ? . ? .
1.4. () . . , , .
1.5. . . ? (, , , , - )? .
|
|
1.6. (..1.5) - ? , , .
1.
, , 20 (2,4,6,18,19). . , 20 -, "". , . 1 1 - 6.
1.1. - 20, ( ):
) :
20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p63s23p64s2
) :
20Ca [Ar]4s2
) -
2
2.
2 .
n | l | ml | ms | |
-1/2 | ||||
-1/2 | ||||
+1/2 | ||||
+1 | -1/2 | |||
+1/2 |
ml , ml .. l=1 ml [1,0.1], , p-
px py Pz
d-
|
|
ms , ms = + ½; - , ms = - l/2.
1.2. s-, p-,d- f-. , , . , 4s2, , - s- , . -, . , : 20* 1s22s22p63s23p64s14p1.
Ca*4s 4
, .
3.
15(4px4py4pz;4d; 4f) | 14 (4py 4pz; 4d; 4f) | |
- | +2 | |
- |
1.3. , , , .. 2+, 2 . 1s22s2263s236; 0.97.
, . 2+ :
+ | 1s22s22p63s23p6 | |
ls22s22p63s23p6 | ||
Cl- | 1s22s22p63s23p6 | |
S2- | ls22s22p63s23p6 | |
S3+ | 1s22s22p63s23p6 | |
Ti4+ | 1s22s22p63s23p6 |
d f- , .
|
|
1.4. , () :
- = + I1 = 6.11
+ - = 2+ I2 = 11.87
2+ - = 3+ I3 = 51.0
3+ - = 4+ I4 =
4+ - = 5+ I5 =
0 +5 , , . , . , , I3 = 51,0 >> I2 = 11,87
1.5. , . , .
: Be, Mg, Sr, Ba, Ra. : ...ns2. - , 2 , . ( ) , , , , ( 4).
4. .
, r. | I1, | , | ( -) | |
Be | 1,13 | 9,32 | 0,19 | 1.5 |
Mg | 1,60 | 7,64 | -0,32 | 1.2 |
1,95 | 6,11 | - | 1,0 | |
Sr | 2,15 | 5,69 | - | 1,0 |
2.21 | 5,21 | - | 0,9 | |
R | 2,35 | 5,28 | - | - |
1.6. - S. 5.
5. .
(+) | Ca(Ca2+) | Sc(S3+) | |
, 0 | 2,31 | 1,97 | 1,6 |
, 0 | 1,33 | 0,97 | 0,81 |
I1, | 4,34 | 6,11 | 6,54 |
-, | 0,82 | - | - |
( ) | 0,80 | 1,3 |
2 :