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, , , XX , . Casa di San Georgio, XV . . XII - . , , - .
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, . XVII . : - , .
, , . Russia Company, 1553 . . Royal African Company ( 1553-), Eastland Company, , (1579 ), Levant Company, (1581 ). , .
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1600 Levant Company - , . , ( ). XVI : , - , Estado da India, , .
: Album / Prisma/EAST NEWS
, , : - , , . . : , ; - , . : . . - 219 , . , , . , . , , .
- , . - , . 21 . .
,
: Collection Roger-Viollet/AFP
, - : , , , , . . , : 1610 , 1612- , . , . . : .
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, , . : . , , . .
, . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , .
XVII , (Bank of England, Million Bank), (Royal African Company, Hudson's Bay Company) ( , New River Company). 1711 . . , 90% . , (, ), , , . , !
, , , , - , , , . 1720 , , , , - . 1824 .
1730-1800 . , , , . , , , .
1840- . -, . -, : ( , , ), ( 1849 ) . -, , , . , , , , ( ).
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1840-
: SSPL via Getty Images/Fotobank
" " , 1886 , . " ", , , . , , , , , - " " " ". " , , , , " ", ".
XIX , , . 10%, . (capital calls). , . , , . " " 1969 , , , .
XIX : . : , , .
1850- . , . , . , The Economist, "The Lombard Street", : , . , , .
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(The Joint Stock Company Act) 1856 , . , , 100%, , . , , . 1856 . , .
: Universal History Archive/Getty Images/Fotobank
, XVII , , . XX , . 1920- , , . , , , "" .
, . . -, , , . -, 1930- , , 90-100% , . . . , . , .
1920- , . 1924 " " . , , . . , .
, , 1929 . 1950-. , " " (1949 ), : " ". , . .