, . -, , , , . , . - . , , , .
, , , .
- . , , . - , . , , , , , , , - . , , .
, , . - , , , .
, , , , , . , . . , , , , , .
, . , , . 8, (Fletcher & Footman, 1994). , (Blachman, Ball, Black & Tangel, 1994; Footman, Francis, Beeler, Winikates & Fletcher, 1997). , , , . , , -, , , : , , , (Lyon & Cutting, 1998).
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. . , .
. . , 1950- , , , , , (Baldwin, 1958). , , . , . , . 1975 ( 1997 ) 1982 , .
1980- (regular education initiative (REI)), , . , , (Hammill, 1993). , , , , , . . , , , (.G. Cook, Semmel & Gerber, 1999; Kavale & Forness, 2000).
. , . , , (Hammill, 1993).
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? , , (Lyon & Cutting, 1998)? , ? , , , - (Mather, 1992). , , , . , , , - (Hallahan, Kaffman & Lloyd, 1996).
, , , , (K. Goodman, 1986). , . , , , . , , , . , , (D. F. King & Goodman, 1990).
, , (Foorman, 1995; Lyon & Cutting, 1998). , , , (Stahl, McKenna & Pagnucco, 1994). , (Hammill, 1993).
, , , . - (Lyon & Cutting, 1998). , , , .
. , (Rourke & Del Dotto, 1994). , , , , , . .
, , , , . , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , - , . , , , .
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, , (Hall, Hughes & Filbert, 2000). 11.4 .
11.4
1. ( ).
2. , .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. , . .
7. .
8. .
9. , .
---
, , , , , . , . . 10-12 . 11.5.
11.5
:
1:
.
1. , . ? : . -, .
2. , , . ? : .
3. . : . , . ? : . , . , .
4. , : . ? : . , . , .
5. , . , , .
6. , . . ? : . ? : . , .
7. , . . ? : . , .
8. 2 7, .
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9. , . , , , . . : . , . , .
10. . . : , . , .
11. , . ? : , .
12. 10 11, . : 10 11.
(: Engelmann, Haddox, Hanner & Osborn, 1978.)
---
(Hall et al., 2000). , , , , (W. . . White, 1988).
- . - . , , , . , , , , . . (Lloyd, Hallahan, Kaufman & Keller, 1991). , , (Wong, Harris & Graham, 1991). : ? ? ? , ?
, , , .
: .
, - . , , . , , , . , , .
- , , . , , , , .
. , , (Reinking & Bridwell-Bowles, 1991). , , , (Perfetti, 1985). , , , (Hall et al., 2000).
: . , , , , . , . , . .
, , , 5-10- , (Tallal et al., 1996). . , , . . , 1-3 , , , 4 . 6 . - , . (Habit et al., 1999; Hitchcock & Noonan, 2000).
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. 11.6 , . , , , , , , . , (Lyon & Cutting, 1998).
11.6
1. . , ; , .
2. . , , . , . - . , , .
3. . , .
4. , . , . . , , . , , - , . , , .
5. . , , . , .
(: Felton, 1993.)
.
, , . .
, .
, . , . , .
, , , () .
< , , .>
- .
.
(learning disability)
(communication disorder)
(learning disorder)
(dyslexia)
(unexpected disorder)
(phonemes)
(phonological awareness)
(expressive language disorder)
(mixed receptive-expressive language disorder)
(phonological disorder)
(mainstreaming)
(nonverbal learning disability)
(regular education initiative)
() (direct instruction)
, (code-emphasis approach)
(whole-language approach)