. , . . .
1. , . . , , . и . , , .
2. , . , . j j - . .
. .
, , (8.1)
L - . ,
. (8.2)
, L ( ) ( ). , , L (8.2).
z (6.13)
, . (8.3)
. (8.4)
S ( ) N , s= 1/2. .
, J=(L+S), (L+S-1), . (8.5)
, (8.6)
− , J − , L ,
L= | ||||||||
S | P | D | F | G | H | I |
. () , ( , ), .
. ,
|
|
(8.7)
.
. , .
, . (6.16), (6.17), (7.5), (7.6).
:
(8.8)
, (, ). L, S, J (.8.1).
.8.1 , ,
(8.9)
(8.10)
g − ( )
. (8.11)
1. (S =0) J=L, g= 1 .
2 L= 0 J=S, g =2 .
3. g = . , .. J =0 , .
4. (, L= 3, S= 3, J= 1; L= 2, S= , J= ) g =0. , , . .
5. . , ( ).
. .
, , . , ( 1896.), . , , , .
, .
( ) (). , − . . , .
, , .
, (8.12)
− . (8.10) .
(8.5),
(8.13)
, , , 2 J +1 , . , , , .. . .
|
|
, (). S = 0. g = 1.
(). (8.14)
.8.2 . , . .8.2 .
(8.7)
(8.15)
.8.3 .
.8.3 . , . , , . , . , .8.3. , .
( ) .
, , , . . − , . : (L = 0, S = , J = ) g =2;
(L =1, S = , J = ) g= (L= 1, S= , J= ) g=
.8.4,) . . .
.8.4 ↑
(8.9)
.8.4 , . , . .
.8.4 ) . , , 8.5 . , .
, .
,.. . : ,
(.8.5).
.
. , . , , , .
. .
. , . 1 2. , . , , 1 2. , .
|
|
, . , . - , , 1 2. . .
. , . , , , . , , . .
, , :
( = 1, 2, 3,),
( ) l (l = 0, 1, 2, -1),
(),
().
, . l (2 l +1) . , . ,
.
() . , , = 1. . , , . , 1, .. .
, . :
K | L | M | N | O | P | Q |
, l L = 0, S = 0, J = 0. : L S .
...
. . , , Z. , . , .
, , . , . , .
|
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9