, . . . 1819 . " " "-" .. , ', .-', ., ..
30 40- . .. " " (1843) 㳿 ', -, .
. XVIII . . 䳺 . " "(1885). . .
' . " " "-", ' 1844 . . . ( 1848 p.). , ' . .-'. , ' ., .. , ' ., .
. XIX . , , , , , . 1882 . . . - ., ., .³, .-, . , . . 1883. . .. ., .. 1885 . ' , . 100 , . . .. : .( 1888 1898p.), . (18881893,18941900), . . - (18901909). , , . . ' ., ., ., .-, ., ., ., . .
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1864 . " ". . . , . , .
, , . .
볿 (18741880). , . ϳ - (1889 1892). ., ., , ϳ, ., ., ., ., , .
. " ", "-" ., " " .-', " " ., "", " " ., "ͳ " ., " ", "" .- .
., 1876 . " " . 1887 . .- " ", "" .ͳ . 1893 . " " ..