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- ( 2 ). 23




, . . . 1819 . " " "-" .. , ', .-', ., ..

30 40- . .. " " (1843) 㳿 ', -, .

. XVIII . . 䳺 . " "(1885). . .

' . " " "-", ' 1844 . . . ( 1848 p.). , ' . .-'. , ' ., .. , ' ., .

. XIX . , , , , , . 1882 . . . - ., ., .³, .-, . , . . 1883. . .. ., .. 1885 . ' , . 100 , . . .. : .( 1888 1898p.), . (18881893,18941900), . . - (18901909). , , . . ' ., ., ., .-, ., ., ., . .

1864 . " ". . . , . , .

, , . .

볿 (18741880).  , . ϳ - (1889 1892). ., ., , ϳ, ., ., ., ., , .

. " ", "-" ., " " .-', " " ., "", " " ., "ͳ " ., " ", "" .- .

., 1876 . " " . 1887 . .- " ", "" .ͳ . 1893 . " " ..





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