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TASK 22. Translate the text into English. Answer the following questions:
1. What myth lies at the core of the Pax Americana concept?
2. How is it connected with the Monroe Doctrine? What does that doctrine hold?
3. What factors reinforced the Pax Americana idea?
4. How does it work in practice?
Text 3
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TASK 23. Interpret the text off hand. Learn the words and phrases in bold type.
Text 4
History Lessons
In 1900, the destructive forces that were to dominate most of the twentieth century either had no influence or did not yet exist. Marxism as a political movement was a marginal affair. Lenin was 30 years old, concluding a period of political internment in Siberia and about to go into foreign exile. Hitler was 11 years old. Benito Mussolini was 17, a budding pacifist and socialist. Fascism and Nazism were unimagined, perhaps unimaginable.
The empires of Britain, France, Portugal, Belgium, and the Netherlands dominated Asia and Africa. The United States was constructing its own empire from the Spanish possessions it had seized in the Caribbean and the Far East. The Hapsburg system was troubled by nationalism in the Balkans, and the Ottoman Empire was in decline, but all that seemed manageable.
The twentieth century began in circumstances of apparent security more reassuring than those of today. No one in 1900 could have imagined the events that only 14 years later would destroy the existing international system and unleash the wave of totalitarianism that would dominate world affairs for most of the rest of the century. Responsible political and economic leaders and scholars at the time would undoubtedly have described the coming century in terms of continuing imperial rivalries within a Europe-dominated world, lasting paternalistic tutelage in Europes colonies, solid constitutional government in western Europe, steadily growing prosperity, increasing scientific knowledge turned to human benefit, and so on. All would have been wrong.
The future, strictly speaking, cannot be predicted. But history has taught a few general lessons: that hegemonic power invites opposition; that political entities seek to aggrandize their power and wealth; that a vacuum of power will he filled; that evil exists, and reason is not its master; and that an unforeseen rupture can change everything.
From The Question of Hegemony by William Pfaff (Foreign Affairs, January/February 2001, p.p. 29-30)
TASK 24. Translate the text into English.
Text 5
