,
. . 2002
, 2002
2002
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, . : , 2002 37 .
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, 30 2002 .
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1
:
1. .
2. (s, p, d, f) ?
3. .
4. .
5. .
-- | -- | -- | |||
19,74 40,76 15,24 30,53 22,46 20,83 25,34 16,48 32,17 42,57 | 29,52 33,43 82,21 12,44 28,72 7,77 5,89 37,45 27,88 26,79 | 23,51 8,75 49,73 31,80 47,50 9,81 39,85 14,41 35,56 13,84 |
2
:
1. - .
2. .
3. .
4. (, ), π-.
-- | -- | -- | |||
H2O, SF6 NH3, SnCl2 PH3, TeCl4 SbH3, BF4‾, SnCl4, NO3‾ SOCl2, SiCl4 XeF4, ClF3 ClF5, AsO43 PCl6ˉ, SeF4 (CH3)2S, CO2 | NH2Cl, OF2 PCI3, NO2‾ COCI2, NH4+ POCI3, COF2 BCI3, CO32 IF7, SeO42 CCI4, PH4+ SCI4, H2S PCI5, HCIO4 PF3, BaCI2 | CS2, CIO2‾ H2Te, IF3 CF4, SiO44 [Al(OH4)]‾, NF3 SOCI2, H3O+ PBr3, SOF2 POF3, CBr4 BBr3, SOCI4 SF4, PCI5 COBr2, PCI3 |
3
:
1. 66(), , .
2. , , : 393,51; 285,84;1366,91 /.
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3. 25 727 :
() + H2O() = H2() + CO() ( ΔͰ298 ΔS298 )
) ?
) ?
4. ΔͰ298 , :
NH3() + 1() = N4l(), ΔͰ298 = 176,93.
5. :
4N3() + 3O2() = 2N2() + 2O(); ΔͰ298= 1528.
N3 NH4, NH3 34,65.
6. :
O2() + 2() = b() + H2O, ΔͰ298= 182,8. b2().
7. ΔG298 bO2() + b() = 2b() ΔͰ298 S298 , , .
8. , :
) 22O2() = 22O() + O2()
) 32() + N2() = 2N3()
) N2O4() = 2NO2()
9. F2O3 :
F2O3() + 32() = 2Fe() + 32O() . F2O3?
10. ΔͰ, ΔS, ΔG , :
F2O3() + 3() = 2F() + 3(). F2O3 500 1000?
11. :
41() + O2() = 22O() + 212();
?
12. , 165 (..) 2H2, .
13. , F3O4, :
F3O4() + () = F() + 2().
14. 25OH() + O2() = 2O2() + 32O(), Δ=?. , , 25O() +42,36 25O(); 2(); 2O().
15. : 3, 3 3 2? ? , ΔG298 .
16. , :
24() = 22() + 32()
N2() + 32() = 2NH3()
() + O2() = 2()
ΔS298>0, <0, = 0?
17. : , l23 Zn ? ΔG298 .
18. : Rb2, u, n b . ΔG298.
19. , 100 .
20. ΔG298 :
) 2ZnO() + () = 2Zn() + 2()
) Zn() + 2() = Zn() + 2()
) ZnO() + g() = Zn() + gO()
21. ΔG298 g() + 2() = g3() , . , g g3 O2.
22. ΔG298 F3O4() + 42() = 3F() + 42O() , . .
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23. ΔG298 F() + 2() = F() + 2() , . .
24. ΔG298 () + 2() = 3() , . , 3 2.
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N2() + 2() = 3() + 2N3()
() + () + 3/22 = 3()
1/2N2() + 3/22() = N3()
2() + 1/22() = 2()
26. ΔG298 , , :
l23() + 3S3() = 12(S4)3() .
27. / / , 10% .
28.
222() + 5O2() = 4O2() + 22O(). 1 ?
29 :
iO2() + 2() = i() + 2() 298 2500?
30 :
l5() = 13() + 12(). ?
4
:
1. l2() <=> () + l2() (/): = 10; O = 2; = 4. 4/. .
2.
4() + 2() <=> () + 2() 3 ?
3.
2 + 22 <=> 4 + 2, 3 ?
4. 41 + 2 <=> 22 + 2l2. , 2 ?
5. 2 + J2 <=> 2HJ, 0,02 /, HJ 0,03 /. .
6. : N2 + 2 <=> 2N3, = 0,1 673. (/): = 0,6; = 0,18. .
7. 393 18. 453, ?
8.
N2S203 + 2S04 = N2S04 + 2S03 + S. 4 ?
9. N2 + 2 <=> 2N3 (/): = 1,5; = 2,5; = 0. , 0,5/?
10. N2 + 2 <=> 2N3 (/): N2 = 2,5; H2 = 1,8; NH3 = 3,6. .
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11.
() + 2() <=> 2() + 2() (/): = 0,5; H2O =0,6; CO2 = 0,4; H2 = 0,2. , 60% 2.
12. 4N3 + 52 <=> 4N + 62. , 2 ?
13. ,
2S2 + 2 <=> 2S3, 4 ?
14. F13() + NS() <=> F(NS)3() + 1(). KCNS; F13; 1 ? F(NS)3 .
15. N2 ( ) N2O4 () : 2N2 <=> N2O4, ∆= 54,3. ? ?
16. N2 + 2 <=> 2N3, ∆= 92 , ( 400 500).
17.
2N()+l2()<=>2N1() 0,5 / 0,2 /. , 20% .
18. , N2 2NO()+2<=>2N2() 1000 ?
19 2S2() + 2() <=> 2S3(), 3 . .
20.
() + 2() <=> 2() + 2(), 850 1. , 2 3/ 2/.
21. 2() + J2()= 2HJ(). 508 0,16 2 J2 0,04/ 0,05 /. , H2 0,03 /.
22. O2() + C() <=> 2(). , 2 4 . , .
23. () + 2() <=> () + 2(). , .
24. F() + () <=> F() + 2() 0,5. 2, 0,05/ 0.01/.
25. : 22() + 2() <=> 22(), ∆ = 483,6
() + 2() <=> () + 2(), ∆ = 131,3.
) ;
) .
26. 2S2 + 2 <=> 2S3 (/): = 0,04, = 0,06, = 0,02. S3 2.
27. :
CO2() + () <=> 2(), ∆ = 172,5. :
) ;
) ;
) .
28. : 2SO2 + O2 <=> SO3 1,6 / SO2 1,2 / 2. , SO3 0,6 /?
29. :
2H2() + () <=> 4(), ∆= 74,9.
:
) 2;
) ;
) .
30. CO + Cl2 <=> COCl2 , CO Cl2 0,28/ 0,09/, 0,2/.
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5
:
1. : | 2. - : | 3. - : | ||
1. | H2CO3 S | b(N3)2 + J→ Cl2 + N23→ | CO32+2H+=CO2+H2O H++OH ‾=H2O | |
2. | Zn()2 MgOHCl | 12+2r4→ (N4)23+(N3)2→ | Pb2++2J ‾=PbJ2 NH4++OH ‾=NH3+H2O | |
3. | H2C2O4 24 | AgNO3+ F13→ ()2+NO3→ | Ca2++CO32=CaC3 Fe3++3OH‾=Fe(OH)3 | |
4. | Cr2(SO4)3 1 | CuCl2+NaOH→ Ba(N3)2+K2SO4→ | Fe2++S2=FeS HCO3+OH‾=H2O+CO32 | |
5. | 1()3 KHCO3 | CuSO4+Na2S→ Pb(CH3COO)2+KCl→ | Cu2++2OH‾=Cu(OH)2 Ni2++S2 = NiS | |
6. | 2S3 1(O)21 | KCN+HCl→ CaCl2+Na3PO4→ | H++NO2‾=HNO2 Zn2++CO32=ZnCO3 | |
7. | Cr(OH)3 N4S | ZnSO4+NaOH→ MnCl2+K2S→ | 3Ca2++2PO43=Ca3(PO4)2 NH4++OH‾-=NH4OH | |
8. | 34 1(N3)3 | NaHCO3+NaOH→ Ca(NO3)2+K2SO3→ | CN ‾+H+=HCN Ba2++SO42=BaSO4 | |
9. | Na24 NiO1 | NH4OH+NHO3→ Pb(NO3)2+K2S→ | Cu2++S2=CuS Zn2++2OH‾=Zn(OH)2 | |
10. | FeSO4 (N4)24 | AlCl3+NaOH→ AgNO3+Na2CO3→ | 3Mg2++2PO43=Mg3(PO4)2 Cr3++3OH‾-=Cr(OH)3 | |
11. | rCl2 34 | Zn(OH)2+HCl→ FeCl3+Na2S→ | Pb2++SO42=PbSO4 2H++S2=H2S | |
12. | F2(SO4)3 Sn(OH)2 | H2CO3+NaOH→ Pb(NO3)2+Na3PO4→ | Fe2++2OH‾=Fe(OH)2 Ag++Cl‾=AgCl | |
13. | H2SiO3 CrOHSO4 | Ba(OH)2+Na2CO3→ AlCl3+Na2S→ | Pb2++2OH‾=Pb(OH)2 CuOH++OH‾=Cu(OH)2 | |
NaH2PO4 Cd(OH)2 | CaCl2+H3PO4→ AgNO3+BaJ2→ | 2Al3++3S2=Al2S3 Ba2++CO32=BaCO3 | ||
KH2PO4 CrOH(NO3)2 | Cd(NO3)2+Na2CO3→ BaJ2+Cr2(SO4)3→ | HSO3‾+OH‾=SO32+H2O Mn2++S2=MnS | ||
AlOHCl2 Co(OH)2 | SnCl2+Na3PO4→ Pb(NO3)2+K2S→ | H++CH3COO‾=CH3COOH Ni2++2OH‾=Ni(OH)2 | ||
Cr(OH)2NO3 Ni(OH)2 | CoSO4+NaOH→ CuOHCl+HCl→ | 3Zn2++2PO43=Zn3(PO4)2 Co2++S2=CoS | ||
HNO2 CrOHCl2 | ZnOHNO3+HNO3→ Al2(SO4)3+NaOH→ | 3Ba2++2PO43=Ba3(PO4)2 Cd2++S2=CdS | ||
Cr2(SO4)3 NaHCO3 | Ba(NO3)2+K2CrO4→ CuOHCl+NaOH→ | Ca2++SO32=CaSO3 3Ag++PO43=Ag3PO4 | ||
AlOHSO4 Na3PO4 | MnSO4+Na2CO3→ AgNO3+KBr→ | ZnOH++OH‾=Zn(OH)2 Sn2+ + S2= SnS | ||
Cu(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2 | Al2(SO4)3+Na3PO4→ PbOHNO3+NaOH→ | 2Ag++CO32=Ag2CO3 Mn2++2OH‾=Mn(OH)2 | ||
Ba(OH)2 NH4H2PO4 | SnSO4+Na2S→ FeOHCl+NaOH→ | 2Sn2++2PO43=Sn3(PO4)2 Cd2++2OH‾=Cd(OH)2 | ||
H2S Ca(NO3)2 | Ni(NO3)2+Na2CO3→ BaBr2+CdSO4→ | 3Co2++2PO43=Co3(PO4)2 Sn2++2OH‾=Sn(OH)2 | ||
ZnOHNO3 Ca(OH)2 | Pb(NO3)2+Na3PO4→ NiCl2+NaOH→ | Ba2++SO32=BaSO3 2Ag++S2=Ag2S | ||
Fe(OH)2NO3 Cr(NO3)3 | AgF+Na3PO4→ Al2(SO4)3+K2S→ | 2Fe3++3S2=Fe2S3 Ni2++CO32=NiCO3 | ||
ZnOHCl Cu(NO3)2 | BaCl2+Al2(SO4)3→ PbS+HCl→ | Ag++Br‾=AgBr Al3++PO43=AlPO4 | ||
Fe(OH)2 Al2(SO4)3 | CuSO4+NaOH→ Ba(NO3)2+Na3PO4→ | Pb2++S2=PbS Mn2++CO32‾=MnCO3 | ||
Al(OH)2NO3 NaHS | AgNO3+K2S→ KHSO3+KOH→ | 3Ni2++2PO43=Ni3(PO4)2 Zn2++S2=ZnS | ||
NH4HCO3 NiSO4 | AlCl3+K3PO4→ ZnOHNO3+NaOH→ | Ag++J ‾=AgJ Fe2++CO32‾=FeCO3 | ||
H3BO3 Pb(NO3)2 | BaCl2+Na2CO3→ NiSO4+K2S→ | Al3++3OH‾=Al(OH)3 3Cd2++2PO43=Cd3(PO4)2 | ||
6
:
, .
- . | - | ||
Cu(NO3)2, K2SO3 | Na3PO4, Pb(NO3)2 | ||
CH3COOK, ZnCl2 | Fe2(SO4)3, HCOOK | ||
AlBr3, K2SiO3 | (CH3COO)2Ba, MnBr2 | ||
K3PO4, Cr2(SO4)3 | Cd(NO3)2, HCOONH4 | ||
FeJ2, HCOONa | SrS, CoBr2 | ||
Ca(NO2)2, MnSO4 | (NH4)2SO4, K2CO3 | ||
NiBr2, NH4F | (CH3COO)2Sr, SnJ2 | ||
KClO, CdCl2 | Al(NO3)3, NH4ClO | ||
Co(NO3)2, CH3COONH4 | (CH3COO)2Pb, FeCl3 | ||
Na2SO3, NH4J | SnSO4, NaClO | ||
AgNO3, BaS | (CH3COO)2Mn, NH4NO3 | ||
(NH4)2S, SnCl2 | CoCl2, Na2SiO3 | ||
CuSO4, BeS | CaS, CrBr3 | ||
KNO2, ZnBr2 | Al2(SO4)3, NH4NO2 | ||
AlCl3, K2S | (CH3COO)2Cu, NH4Cl |
7
: O-
- , :
CrCl3+Br2+KOH→K2CrO4+KBr+KCl+H2O KJ+KJO3+H2SO4→J2+K2SO4+H2O | |
MnO2+KBr+H2SO4→MnSO4+Br2+K2SO4+H2O NaNO3+Cu+H2SO4→CuSO4+NO+Na2SO4+H2O | |
FeSO4+HJO3+H2SO4→Fe2(SO4)3+J2+H2O Cr2O3+KNO3+KOH→K2CrO4+KNO2+H2O | |
KMnO4+CO+H2SO4→MnSO4+CO2+K2SO4+H2O Mg+HNO3→Mg(NO3)2+N2+H2O | |
K2Cr2O7+SO2+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+H2O PbS+HNO3→S+Pb(NO3)2+NO+H2O | |
Fe2O3+KNO3+KOH→K2FeO4+KNO2+H2O K2MnO4+Cl2→KMnO4+KCl | |
K2Cr2O7+K2S+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+S+K2SO4+H2O Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+S+H2O | |
KNO3+KJ+H2SO4→NO+J2+K2SO4+H2O K2Cr2O7+K2SO3+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+H2O | |
NaBrO3+NaBr+H2SO4→Br2+Na2SO4+H2O CuJ2+KMnO4+H2SO4→J2+MnSO4+CuSO4+K2SO4+H2O | |
J2+Cl2+H2O→HJO3+HCl Zn+KJO3+H2SO4→ZnSO4+J2+K2SO4+H2O | |
K2Cr2O7+KJ+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+J2+K2SO4+H2O H2S+Cl2+H2O→H2SO4+HCl | |
NaBrO3+F2+NaOH→NaBrO4+NaF+H2O KMnO4+FeSO4+H2SO4→MnSO4+Fe2(SO4)3+K2SO4+H2O | |
K2CrO4+HCl→CrCl3+Cl2+KCl+H2O HClO4+SO2+H2O→HCl+H2SO4 | |
KMnO4+K2S+H2O→MnO2+S+KOH Zn+HNO3→Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+H2O | |
FeSO4+HNO3+H2SO4→Fe2(SO4)3+NO+H2O K2Cr2 O7+Al+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+Al2(SO4)3+K2SO4+H2O |
KMnO4+H2S+H2SO4→MnSO4+S+K2SO4+H2O K2Cr2O7+SnCl2+H2SO4→CrCl3+Sn(SO4)2+K2SO4+H2O | ||||
MnO2+K2O+H2SO4→MnSO4+O2+K2SO4+H2O KMnO4+K2S+H2SO4→MnSO4+S+K2SO4+H2O | ||||
KMnO4+HCl→MnCl2+Cl2+KCl+H2O Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2S+H2O | ||||
K2Cr2O7+H2S+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+S+K2SO4+H2O K2Se+NaNO3→K2SeO4+NaNO2 | ||||
KMnO4+HNO2→Mn(NO3)2+KNO2+KNO3+H2O Cr2(SO4)3+Cl2+KOH→K2CrO4+KCl+K2SO4+H2O | ||||
As2O3+HOCl+H2O→H3AsO4+HCl K2Cr2O7+NaNO2+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+NaNO3+K2SO4+H2O | ||||
K2MnO4+KJ+H2SO4→MnSO4+J2+K2SO4+H2O Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+S+H2O | ||||
K2CrO4+HCl→CrCl3+Cl2+KCl+H2O KMnO4+KNO2+H2O→KNO3+MnO2+KOH | ||||
Na2CrO4+NaJ+H2SO4→Cr2(SO4)3+J2+Na2SO4+H2O Cu+HNO3→Cu(NO3)2+NO+H2O | ||||
Cr2O3+KClO3+KOH→K2CrO4+KCl+H2O As2O3+J2+H2O→As2O5+HJ | ||||
KMnO4+FeCO3+H2SO4→MnSO4+Fe2(SO4)3+CO2+K2SO4+H2O KJ+NaOCl+H2SO4→J2+NaCl+K2SO4+H2O | ||||
KMnO4+SO2+KOH→K2MnO4+K2SO4+H2O K2Cr2O7+HCl→Cl2+CrCl3+KCl+H2O | ||||
H2SO3+HClO3→H2SO4+HCl NaCrO2+Br2+NaOH→Na2CrO4+NaBr+H2O | ||||
MnSO4+PbO2+HNO3→HMnO4+PbSO4+Pb(NO3)2+H2O S+HNO3→H2SO4+NO | ||||
Zn+KNO2+KOH+H2O→K2[Zn(OH)4]+NH3 Co+HNO3→Co(NO3)2+N2+H2O | ||||
8
:
1. .
2. . , .
3. , , .
4. .
Cu/CuCl2||CdCl2/Cd | CCu2+=0.1 M, CCd2+=0,002 M | |
Ag/AgNO3||Zn(NO3)2/Zn | CAg+=0,2M, CZn2+=0,001M | |
Pb/Pb(NO3)2||Mg(NO3)2/Mg | CPb2+=0,1 M, CMg2+=10-4 M | |
Al/Al2(SO4)3||SnSO4.Sn | CAl3+0,01 M, CSn2+=0,5 M | |
Fe/FeCl2||CoCl2/Co | CFe2+=0,2 M, CCo2+=0,001 M | |
Ni/NiSO4||CuSO4/Cu | CNi2+=0,0001M, CCu2+=0,5M | |
Ag/AgNO3||Cd(NO3)2/Cd | CAg+=0,1 M, CCd2+=0,002M | |
Sn/Sn(NO3)2||Zn(NO3)2/Zn | CSn2+=0,0005 M, CZn2+=0,1 M | |
Pb/Pb(NO3)2||Fe(NO3)2/Fe | CPb2+=0,005 M, CFe2+=0,2 M | |
Cu/CuSO4||CoSO4/Co | CCu2+=2 M, CCo2+=10-3 M | |
Ag/AgNO3||Ni(NO3)2/Ni | CAg+=0,001 M, CNi2+=0,5 M | |
Sn/SnCl2||CoCl2/Co | CSn2+=0,1 M, CCo2+=0,005 M | |
Pb/Pb(NO3)2||Cd(NO3)2/Cd | CPb2+=0,01 M, CCd2+=0,5 M | |
Al/Al2(SO4)3||H2SO4/H2(Pt) | CAl3+=0,2 M, pH=2 | |
Cu/CuCl2||MgCl2/Mg | CCu2+=0,001 M, CMg2+=2 M | |
Zn/ZnCl2||AuCl3/Au | CZn2+=0,5 M, CAu3+=0,0001 M | |
Ag/AgNO3||Fe(NO3)2/Fe | CAg+=0,0001 M, CFe2+=2 M | |
Pb/Pb(NO3)2||Ni(NO3)2/Ni | CPb2+=0,1 M, CNi2+=0,001 M | |
Sn/SnSO4||MgSO4/Mg | CSn2+=0,5 M, CMg2+=0,01 M | |
Cu/CuCl2||ZnCl2/Zn | CCu2+=2 M, CZn2+=10-4 M | |
Ag/AgNO3||Co(NO3)2/Co | CAg+=0,5 M, CCo2+=0,001 M | |
Al/Al2(SO4)3||Au2(SO4)3/Au | CAl3+=10-4 M, CAu3+=2 M | |
Pt/PtCl2||HCl/H2(Pt) | CPt2+=0,5 M, pH=1,5 M | |
Sn/SnCl2||Pb(NO3)2/Pb | CSn2+=10-5 M, CPb2+=0,5 M | |
Co/CoSO4||ZnSO4/Zn | CCo2+=0,2 M, CZn2+=0,001 M | |
Ag/AgNO3||HNO3/H2(Pt) | CAg+=2 M, pH=1 | |
(Pt)H2/H2SO4||H2SO4/H2(Pt) | pH=2,5, pH=3,5 | |
Ag/AgNO3||Mg(NO3)2/Mg | CAg+=0,1 M, CMg2+=0,5 M | |
Zn/ZnSO4||H2SO4/H2(Pt) | CZn2+=0,2 M, pH=3 | |
Sn/SnCl2||FeCl2/Fe | CSn2+=0,01 M, CFe2+=0,05 M |
9
:
:
1. , .
2. , ?
3. , , , ?
4. , .
5. , .
6. , , , ?
7. .
0,1 M Zn(NO3)2 | pH=4, Zn, | |
0,5 M MgBr2 | pH=6,5, Pt | |
0,1 M NiSO4 | pH=5, Ni | |
0,1 M FeJ2 | pH = 4,5, Fe, Pt | |
2 M KNO2 | pH = 8, Pt | |
1 M K2SO4 | pH = 7, Fe, Cu | |
0,01 M Au(NO3)3 | pH = 6, Au, Pt | |
2 M K4[Fe(CN)6] | pH = 7, Pt | |
0,5 M CoCl2 | pH = 6,5, Fe, C | |
0,1 M CuSO4 | pH = 5, Al, u | |
0,01 M FeF3 | pH = 6, C | |
2 M Cr(NO3)3 | pH = 5, Ni, Cr | |
0,5 M K2SO4 | pH = 6,5, Fe, Sn | |
1 M AgNO3 | pH = 7, Cu, Ag | |
0,001 M HCl | pH = 3, Sn, Cu | |
0,01 M MnCl2 | pH = 6, Mn, Pt | |
0,2 SnCl2 | pH = 5, Fe, Sn | |
0,001 M ZnCl2 | pH = 6,5, C, Zn | |
0,0 M MgCl2 | pH = 7, Mg, Pt | |
0,01 M K3PO4 | pH = 10, C | |
0,2 M ZnSO4 | pH = 5, Zn | |
0,01 M KBr | pH = 8, C, Ni |
3. Bi(NO3)3, 0,2 ? , .
6. 1,5 30 1,07 . ?
9. CuSO4 =6 9650 , 2,86 . . .
12. , 1,5 0,75 /2 90% ( 7*103 /3)?
15. , , 2,8 , ? .
18. , , , . ? ? ? .
21. 1120 , . , 70%? .
24. SnCl2 10 × , 18 . , . .
10
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:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
. | . | ||||
Fe-Ni | 10 | Cu-Al | 10 | ||
Cd-Sn | 7 | Fe-Ni | 5 | ||
o-Cu | 5 | Pb-Sn | 7 | ||
Fe-Pb | 10 | Ag-Au | 10 | ||
Cd-Ni | 7 | Fe-Mn | 5 | ||
Cu-Pb | 5 | Al-Mg | 7 | ||
Fe-Co | 10 | Cu-Ag | 10 | ||
Co-Ni | 7 | Sn-Pb | 5 | ||
Mg-Fe | 5 | Zn-Cd | 7 | ||
Zn-Pb | 10 | Ag-Ni | 10 | ||
Au-Ni | 7 | Fe-Bi | 12 | ||
Mg-Ni | 5 | Bi-Sn | 4 | ||
Ni-Sn | 10 | Bi-Pb | 2 | ||
Co-Pb | 7 | Cd-Fe | 11 | ||
Cd-Ag | 5 | Al-Mg | 9 |
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