406. . . - . , - . , , .
407. - . - , . - . - , . . . - . , , .
408. . . . - . .. , - . , , .
409. - . () , () /. (Li) = 5.19 , , (Li) = 5.19*96486 = 500 /. () = 1313.0 /, , () = 1313.0/96.486 = 13.6 . . , , . : , .
410. , . . , . , , , , . .
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411. , , . - ( ..) , , , .. , , . , , , . . , . . . - . .. , . - , , , , . - , , , . - , , , .
412. . , . . . - . .. , .
413. , . , . . .
414. () - . , . , .
415. . - . , .. .
416. s- p-, . : , , .
1 ( ):
Na2O + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O; Na2O + KOH = .
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Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2O; Al2O3 + 6KOH =2K3AlO3 + 3H2O
Cl2O7 + HCl = ; Cl2O7 + 2KOH = 2KClO4 + H2O.
2 ( ):
B2O3 + HCl = ; B2O3 + 6KOH = 2K3BO3 + 3H2O.
Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2O; Al2O3 + 6KOH =2K3AlO3 + 3H2O
In2O3 + 6HCl = 2InCl3 + 3H2O; In2O3 + KOH = .
417. s- p-, . : , , .
1 ( ):
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O; NaOH + KOH =
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O; Al(OH)3 + 3KOH =K3[Al(OH)6]
HClO4 + HCl = ; HClO4 + KOH = KClO4 + H2O
2 ( ):
B(OH)3 + HCl = ; B(OH)3 + 3KOH = K3BO3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O; Al(OH)3 + 3KOH =K3[Al(OH)6]
In(OH)3 + 3HCl = InCl3 + 3H2O; In(OH)3 + KOH = .
2O3 + 6HCl = 2Cl3 + 3H2O.
418. d- , . , - - : 23 + = . - - . HCl = ; 2O7 + 2KOH = 2KO4 + H2O.
419. - - : 2O7 + . . : , , ..
420. , . . : . (, , ). .
, , - . , .
421. , (). , , 2.1, . , , 2.1, . , .
(N2) | |
(Fe) | |
(CO2) | |
(KF) | |
(PH3) | |
(Na2SO4) | + |
(Si) |
422. , (). , , 2.1, . , , 2.1, . , .
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(HI) | |
(Ni) | |
(SiO2) | |
(MgO) | |
(KNO3) | + |
(F2) |
423. - , - . : , , .
. | , | N2, H2O, FeCl3 | ||
, . | , (+ -) | NaF, KCl, CsF | ||
. | , | Fe, Ni, Cu. |
424. HF - HCl - HBr - HI F - Cl - Br - I, .
425. H2O- H2S-H2Se-H2Te 6 .
426. 26-24-22 , .. . , 1, -2, -3.
427. HF - HCl - HBr - HI , . , , .
428. F4 - Cl4 - Br4 - I4 , . , , .
429. 22 - 24 - 26 , .. . , 1, -2, -3. , , .
430. ( - , ) , , .
431. , . .. : .
, : Cl 3s2 3p5, H 1s1 => l-Cl, H-Cl. , . 5, = +5, 4, 1.5.
432. , , . .. 2. - 2. - , .. 1. Cl , d-. , Cl 1,3,5,7. F 2s22p5, Cl 3s2 3p53d0. ClF, ClF3, ClF5, ClF7.
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433. , . - , .. 1. F 2s22p5. , d-. , 1,3,5,7. Cl 3s2 3p53d0. - , .. 2. 2s22p4. , , , d-. 2-,4-,6-. S 3s2 3p43d0. , 2s 2-, . 2. 2s22p0. , , .. 3 ( 2s- 2- , 1 ). 2s22p1. , ; 4 ( 2s- 2- , , , 2 ). 2s22p2.
434. , , , . , . . PCl3, PCl5. : 3s23p3, .. 3. PCl3 , PCl5 - . H2S, SO3. : 3s23p4, .. 2. H2S , SO3 - .
435. : , , , (). , .
436. (σ-) , , σ- . (π-) , , σ- + π- σ-.
437. ) σ-: 4, NaCl, KF
) σ- + π-: 2, 2
) σ- + π-: N2, CO
438. SF6 - σ- (), SO3 - σ- + π- (), POCl3, - σ- + π- (), C2H2, - σ- + π- (), C2H4, - σ- + π- (), COCl2, - σ- + π- (), SO2Cl2. - σ- + π- ().
439. - : , . : ٱ +:NH3 = [NH4]+. , . - 1, . 1, .
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440. 26 - , 24 , 24 - . - 66 - , , - - , .
441.
. KK(σ2s)2(σ2s)2(σ2)2(π2,2pz)4(πp2,2pz)4 = =1, .. F-F , .. . | |
. KK(σ2s)2(σ2s)2(σ2)2(π2,2pz)4(πp2,2pz)2 = =2, .. = , .. . | |
. KK(σ2s)2(σ2s)2(σ2)2(π2,2pz)4 = =3, .. ≡ , .. . |
443.
, , () 0. ) (2) = (2-2)/2 = 0 ) : = (2-1)/2 = 0.5 . ) He2- - , .. 5 . ) F , .. F . ) . = (2-10/2 = 0.5 . |
445. , . . , , , .
446. , . . , , .
447. , . , . , . , , .
448. , () , ( )
2 : . , , : (2) = (2+) = (2-) = (22-) = |
449. ) , .. p2- , p2- .
)-
450.