- . (), .
, , .
- , , , . C | n +, .
, (4)
- , /.
- (-) (), , . Pt. Pt│Me n +, Me m +. - . , - Pt│Sn4+, Sn2+ : Sn2+ - 2 ē → Sn4+; Sn4+ + 2 ē → Sn2+
-
(5)
[], [] .
, , . , , .
, (" ") , . , , / :
H+() + ē ↔ ½ H2 ().
, 101,3 (1 ), () 1 / =298 . .
, (6)
- ,
- , /
- , . 1 .
-. 1 CuSO4 ZnSO4, , . , , (, KCl). .
|
|
, . , .
( ), ( ).
. (-) , (+) . , - - :
ē ē
(-) Zn|ZnSO4||CuSO4|Cu (+) (-) Zn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu (+)
, ( ).
. :
(-) : Zn 2 ē → Zn2+
(+) : Cu2+ + 2 ē →Cu
, - , :
Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu
.
: = .
1 /, . - -
7. - = 298, [Zn2+]=0,1/ [Pb2+]=0,01/. , , . .
:
: = .
1 /, (. 4) :
( ). :
(-) : Zn 2 ē → Zn2+
( ), :
(+) : Pb2+ + 2 ē → Pb
: Zn + Pb2+ → Zn2+ + Pb.
: (-) Zn│Zn2+(0,1M)║Pb2+(0,01M)│Pb (+).
:
= =
, , - .
8.
Pt│Cr3+ (0,1 /), Cr2+(0,01 /)║+(=2)│2, Pt
, , , . .
: -
.
- :
|
|
r3+/Cr2+ . , - :
.
. , :
. - , ( ), ( ). , :
(-) : Cr2+ - ē → Cr3+ 2
(+) : 2 + + 2 ē → 2
2 Cr2+ + 2 + → 2 Cr3+ + 2
: - .
9. , , Zn2+ 1 /,
0,0001 /? ? .
: , . .
1 /, : .
:
, (+) : Zn2+ + 2 ē →Zn
, , , : (-) : Zn - 2 ē →Zn2+
:
Zn + Zn2+→ Zn + Zn2+
: = - = - 0,763 (-0,881) = 0,122 .
:
(-) Zn│Zn2+(0,0001 /)║Zn2+(1 /)│Zn (+)
4. , . .
1. Fe| Fe+2 (1/) || Ag+(0,1/) |Ag
2. Cr| Cr+3 (2 /) || Cd+2 (1 /)|Cd
3. Be| Be+2 (0,1/) || Ni+2 (0,01/) |Ni
4. Mn| Mn+2 (0,1 /) || Sn+2 (0,01 /)|Sn
5. Al| Al+3 (2 /) || Cd+2 (0,1 /)|Cd
6. Ni| Ni+2 (0,1 /) || Cu+2 (0,01 /)|Cu
7. Mg| Mg+2 (1 /) || Zn+2 (0,01 /)|Zn
8. Cd| Cd+2 (0,1 /) || Pb+2 (0,01 /)|Pb
9. Fe| Fe+2 (0,01 /) || Fe+2 (1 /)|Fe
10. Co|Co+2 (0,5 /) || Ni+2 (0,5 /)|Ni
11. Zn| Zn+2 (1 /) || Cu+2 (0,01 /)|Cu
12. Pt,H2|H+ (pH=4) || H+ (pH=2)|H2,Pt
13. Al|Al+3 (1 /) ||Al+3 (2 /)|Al
14. Mn|Mn+2 (1 /) || Ni+2 (0,01 /)|Ni
15. Ca|Ca+2 (0,1 /) || Fe+2 (0,01 /)|Fe
16. Pb|Pb+2 (1 /) || Ag+ (0,1 /)|Ag
17. Be|Be+2 (0,001 /) || Fe+2 (0,001 /)|Fe
18. Pt|Cr+3 (0,1 /),Cr+2 (0,1 /) || Fe+3 (0,1 /), Fe+2 (0,1 /)|Pt
19. Zn|Zn+2(1 /) || Fe+2 (0,01 /)|Fe
20. Al|Al+3 (2 /) || Cu+2 (0,01 /)|Cu
21. Be|Be+2 (1 /) || Cd+2 (0,01 /)|Cd
22. Mn|Mn+2 (0,01 /) || Fe+2 (0,01 /)|Fe
23. Fe|Fe+2 (1 /) || Sn+2 (0,01 /)|Sn
24. Mg|Mg+2 (0,1 /) || Ni+2 (0,01 /)|Ni
25. Ag|Ag+ (0,001 /) || Ag+ (0,1 /)|Ag
26. Fe| Fe+2 (0,005 /) || Pb+2 (0,005 /)|Pb
27. Ca|Ca+2 (1 /) || Mg+2 (0,01 /)|Mg
28. Mn|Mn+2 (0,01 /) || Zn+2 (0,01 /)|Zn
29. Pb|Pb+2 (0,1 /) ||Cu+2 (0,01 /)|Cu
30. Zn|Zn+2 (10-4 /) || Sn+2 (10-2 /)|Sn
|
|
31. Cd| Cd+2 (10-4 /) || Cu+2 (10-2 /)|Cu
32. Ni| Ni+2 (0,01 /) || Ag+ (1 /)|Ag
33. Mg| Mg+2 (0,001 /) || Mg+2 (1 /)|Mg
34. Ca| Ca+2 (1 /)|| Cr+2 (0,01 /)|Cr
35. Mn|Mn+2 (0,01 /) || Pb+2 (0,01 /)|Pb
36. Al| Al+3 (2 /) || Cr+2 (0,01 /)|Cr
37. Be| Be+2 (1 /) || Sn+2 (0,01 /)|Sn
38. Ni| Ni+2 (1 /)|| Fe+3(2 /)|Fe
39. Pt, H2|H+ (pH=4) || Ag+ (1 /)|Ag
40. Mg| Mg+2 (10-2 /) || Cu+2 (10-2 /)|Cu
41. Cu| Cu+2 (0,01 /) || Ag+ (0,1 /)|Ag
42. Ca| Ca+2 (0,01 /) || Be+2 (1 /)|Be
43. Zn| Zn+2 (0,01 /) || Ni+2 (1 /)|Ni
44. Al| Al+3 (2 /) || Fe+2 (0,01 /)|Fe
45. Ca| Ca+2 (1 /) || Al+3 (0,5 /)|Al
46. Fe| Fe+3 (2 /) || Cu+2 (0,01 /)|Cu
47. Zn| Zn+2 (1 /) || Pb+2 (0,01 /)|Pb
48. Sn| Sn+2 (0,01 /) || Ag+(0,1 /)|Ag
49. Zn| Zn+2 (10-2 /) || H+(pH=2)|H2,Pt
50. Pt| Sn+4 (0,1 /),Sn+2 (0,1 /) || Hg+2 (1 /)|Hg
51. Al| Al+3 (2 /) || Cd+2 (0,01 /)|Cd
52. Pt|Cr+3(10-2 /),Cr+2(0,1 /) || Sn+4 (10-3 /),Sn+2(0,1 /)|Pt
53. Ni| Ni+2 (0,01 /) || Pb+2 (0,01 /)|Pb
54. Mg| Mg+2 (10-4 /) || H+(pH=2)|H2,Pt
55. Cd| Cd+2 (10-2 /) || Cd+2 (1 /)|Cd
56. Be| Be+2 (10-4 /) || Zn+2 (10-2 /)|Zn
57. Mn| Mn+2 (1 /) || Cu+2 (0,1 /)|Cu
58. Ca| Ca+2 (0,01 /) || Pb+2 (0,01 /)|Pb
59. Sn| Sn+2 (0,01 /) || Cu+2 (1 /)|Cu
60. Cd| Cd+2 (10-1 /) || Sn+2 (10-1 /)|Sn
61.Pt|Fe+3(10-2 /),Fe+2(0,1 /) || Sn+4(10-2 /),Sn+2(0,1 /)|Pt
62.Pt|Co+3(10-2 /), Co+2 (0,1 /) ||Sn+4 (0,1 /),Sn+2 (10-2 /)|Pt
63. Pt|Fe+3(0,1 /), Fe+2(10-2 /) ||Au+ (10-2 /), Au+3 (0,1 /)|Pt