Complex Subject ( ) , , .
Complex Subject , :
1) : to advise, to allow, to ask, to believe, to consider, to expect, to feel, to find, to force, to hear, to instruct, to intend, to invite, to know, to leave, to let, to make, to mean, to order, to persuade, to report, to request, to require, to say, to see, to show, to surprise, to teach, to tell, to think, to understand, to watch . Passive Voice.
Model:
| The talks are expected to begin in March. | ) , . ) , , . |
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentences.
A. People are known to act guiltily when they are innocent. 2. Mr. Kent is believed to have survived the accident. 3. Who is supposed to be in charge of the expedition? 4. Young Roy was said to be very attractive to girls. 5. He wasnt expected to inherit the family business. 6. The group was reported to have got in touch with some university professors. 7. Tom was considered to be the cleverest boy in his class. 8. The committee was thought to have made a thorough investigation.
B. 1. The marine species are said to have alteration of haploid and diploid generations. 2. The reduction is believed to be caused by the acids of cod liver oil. 3. Plants are known to absorb most of their nutrients from the soil solution. 4. This reaction is known to be unfavourable to the growth of higher plants. 5. Air is believed to be a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with small amounts of other gases. 6. This phenomenon is believed to have taken place a few years ago. 7. Highly infectious virus diseases are now recognized to be transmitted by insects. 8. Wheat is said to have bean grown in China 3,000 years ago. 9. This scientist is said to have developed a new drought resistant variety of wheat. 10. This land is said to produce a good crop every year. 11. This soil is thought to contain much moisture. 12. Ground water was found to contain a great deal of impurities.
Exercise 2. Paraphrase the sentences using the Complex Subject.
1. It is reported that the talks were conducted in an atmosphere of friendship and deep understanding. 2. It is expected that the contacts between the two countries will develop. 3. It is supposed that the conference will open at the end of the week. 4. It is believed that the Congress will be attended by more than 250 representatives from various countries. 5. It was reported that the session would last for five days. 6. People consider the climate in the mountains to be very healthy. 7. It is known that newspapers in western countries publish a tot of sensational material. 8. They said that the book was remarkable for the scientists deep exploration of the subject.
Exercise 3. Translate these sentences into English using the Complex Subject.
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1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , 15 . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , .
2) to seem, to appear (, -), to prove, to turn out, to come out (), to happen, to chance (, ) Active Voice.
Model:
| This studentseemsto know two languages. | ) , . ) , , . |
to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen there:
Model:
| Thereseemto be no changes in the results of the experiments. | , . |
Exercise 4. Use the infinitive in brackets in the correct form.
1. He was told that his grandmother seemed (to feel) a little better. 2. The letter seemed (to write) years before. 3. Joe lost his chance again but didnt seem (to care) much. 4. I seem (to hear) of it in some connection lately. 5. The editor didnt seem (to listen) to me. 6. He seems (to be) very busy lately. 7. Jim seemed (to grow old) since that night.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the sentences.
A. 1. Ill be happy if my suspicions prove to be wrong. 2. Did you happen to notice whether the window was open or shut? 3. She seemed to be unaware of the childs presence. 4. The painter seemed to have lost all interest in his work. 5. Nobody appeared to have an answer to this question. 6. What a charming girl she has turned out to be!
B. 1. No other element seems to be more important to life than oxygen. 2. Many factors seem to be involved, but probably the most important of all is the relative length of day and night. 3. The theory seems to be supported by the fossil evidence. 4. The cell wall appears to be nonliving. 5. The method in question has proved to be unreliable. 6. The land seems to have been exhausted by the continued growing of this crop. 7. It did not seem that the treatment applied had affected the development of the plant. 8. The fertility of the nut trees appear to be improving due to the taken measures. 9. This drought appears to have damaged the crop very seriously. 10. Fur appears to be especially useful for keeping an animal warm.
Exercise 6. Translate the phrases in brackets.
1. You must forgive me (, , ) with the story of my life. 2. The course he had chosen ten years ago ( ). 3. ( ) the name of her father-in-law? 4. ( ) than we had supposed. 5. ( ) if theyve reached an agreement?
Exercise 7. Translate these sentences into English.
1. , . 2. , . 3. . 4. , , . 5. , . 6. , , . 7. , , . 8. , . 9. , , . 10. , . 11. , ? 12. , .
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3) :
| To be likely , | To be sure , |
| To be not likely , | To be certain , o |
| To be unlikely , |
Model:
| The resultsare likelyto be effective. | ). , . ). , , . |
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1. .
Models:
| The bookdoes not appearto be difficult. | -, . |
| This substanceis not consideredto impregnate the chromosome. | , . |
2. , , .
Model:
| The nucleus was seen through a microscope to be an extremely complex structure. | , . |
3. Complex Subject - .
Model:
| These cellscan be shownto be disrupted. | , . |
4. Complex Subject .
Model:
| There are 23 amino acids whichare saidto occur frequently in protein hydrolysates. | 23 , , , . |
5. , Participle II likely, sure, certain, , Complex Subject .
Models:
| The booksaidto be necessary in our work can be borrowed from the library. | , , , , . |
| The conference likely to be attended by many foreign scientists will be held next year. | , , , , . |
Exercise 8. Paraphrase the sentences using the Complex Subject.
1. It is a sure fact that Brian will succeed if he is given another chance. 2. It is certain that hell stick to his words. 3. It is not likely that anybody will help your nephew under the circumstances. 4. Im sure they have lost touch with him. 5. Probably, Mr. Grand is taking a walk in the garden at this hour. 6. It is unlikely that he will look for trouble.
Exercise 9. Translate into Russian.
A. 1. Deserts are likely to provide a sufficiency of food. 2. In terms of the theory, exceptionally wide dispersal is likely to be ineffective. 3. There are certain to be exceptions to every rule we try to lay down. 4. The conference will discuss the problems which are likely to be extremely important for conservation of water resources. 5. These experiments are likely to change our methods of work. 6. The replacement of the device is unlikely to take place today. 7. The application of this insecticide alone is unlikely to bring good effect. 8. I am going to attend a conference which is likely to be of great interest.
B. 1. The cell wall appears to be nonliving. 2. Water absorption by lichens does not appear to be a metabolic process. 3. Substances contained in or produced by placental tissue were not postulated to inhibit lactation. 4. These species were never found to be of any great size and were observed only rarely. 5. This fact must not be taken to mean that many plants are out of harmony with their surroundings. 6. Obviously both heredity and environment are absolutely necessary and neither can be said to be more important than the other. 7. The collection includes species said to come from the Burton district. 8. One of the events most likely to result from various treatments of the protein is that some bonds may be broken.
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Exercise 10. Translate these sentences into English. Use the Complex Subject.
1. , , . 2. , . 3. . 4. , . 5. , , . 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9. . 10. , . 11. . 12. , , . 13. , , . 14. , . 15. , .
FOR + () +
(THE FOR-TO-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION)
for (the for-complex) , for, . , , .
Model:
| The question for him to answer was quite unexpected. | , , . |
The for-complexes with the Infinitive :
- (subject)
Model:
| For him to realize all the difficulties is absolutely necessary. | , . |
- (predicative)
Model:
| The principal aim of this edition is for the students to get all necessary information. | , . |
- (object)
Model:
| He asked for the mail to be delivered earlier. | , . |
- (attribute)
Model:
| The tendency for particles to be most effective in nuclear disintegration was investigated. | . |
- (adverbial modifiers of result andpurpose )
Models:
| The water content in algae is too high for them to be dried at low temperatures. | , . |
| I shall leave the dictionary for you to use. | , . |
Exercise 1. Transform the following sentences so as to use for-complexes with the Infinitive.
Model 1: He came in the nick of time. It was usual of him. It was usual for him to come in the nick of time.
1. She told them the truth. It was easy for her. 2. Your child must spend more time outdoors. It will be better for him. 3. He speaks too fast. I cannot follow him. 4. We are going to the country on the coming weekend. It will be good for us. 5. Old people do not usually change their habits. It is hard for them.
Model 2: He watched his father repair their TV set. It was a good experience for him. It was a good experience for him to watch his father repair their TV set.
1. He always took part in the discussions. It was a natural thing for him. 2. She translated the whole article without a dictionary. It was not an easy thing for her. 3. I received a letter from him. It was a real joy for me. 4. Our little daughter cant join us on this trip. It will be too long a journey.
Model 3: to stay after classes Theres no need for you to stay after classes.
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To check all the exercise, to learn the whole poem by heart, to underline this phrase, to write this down, to do the exercise again, to translate the whole paragraph, to listen to it again, to write that on the board, to come here again, to translate the whole text, to underline the passives, to do all the vocabulary exercises, to rewrite all your essay, to prepare the next chapter, to check up the spelling of all these words.
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the construction "for+noun+lnfinitive.
1. For the reaction to take place the temperature should be as low as possible. 2. For the viruses to be seen a powerful electronic microscope should be used. 3. For the information to be obtained they had to perform over 200 experiments. 4. They have created all necessary conditions for the experiment to be continued. 5. 8 minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. 6. Certain conditions are necessary for life to be possible on planets. 7. For the seeds to develop normally they must be placed into proper conditions. 8. What is necessary for germination to occur? 9. Three months are needed for these plants to reach their maturity. 10. For tomatoes to grow well they should be provided with much warmth and light. 11. It is only for a specialist to draw a definite conclusion. 12. Certain environmental conditions are necessary for each stage to take place.
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences into English. State the function of the for-to-Infinitive construction.
1. . 2. . 3., . 4. , , . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . , , .
