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, ( ), . 4,77 , 2. : IBM, AMD, CELERON, PENTIUM (PRO, II, III, IV) .
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( ) , . , . , RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM (SRAM Static RAM) (DRAM Dynamic RAM) . - 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 .
, . ROM (Read Only Memory), , . , .
- ( ) , , . , . IBM PC - , (, -, ), .
BIOS CMOS RAM. - BIOS (Basic Input Output System) IBM PC , , . -, , , . , BIOS POST (Power-One-Self-Test) . .
BIOS , Intel 80286 , CMOS RAM (Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor RAM). CMOS RAM , , , : , , .., , BIOS.
. ( , , ). , .
IBM PC IBM PC/XT 8 . : PCI-2 AGP (Advanced Graphics Port). 66 , 133 .
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Ø - CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory).
(DD). IBM PC .
3.
1973 , 16 . 30 , 30 , 30/30. , 30/30 . 300 / 5600 /.
600 . ( ) , -. (), , , . . , , . ( ), . .
. (, , ) , (physical), (low-level) . , . , , , , , , (CRC, Cyclic Redundancy Check) , (ECC, Error Correction Code). , .
, , , . , , ( ) , (, 200 000 , 20 ).
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512 . , (File Allocation Table - FAT).
. (). :
0,016 - 8 4096
8 - 16 8192
16 - 32 16384
> 32 32768
( 10,2; 17,2; 25; 40; 60; 80 Gb). ( 5400-7200 10000 -1) . . .
- ( 40-90%) 64 2 .
(). , IBM PC IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics), ATA (AT Attachment), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface).
SCSI 70- Shugart Associates SASI (Shugart Associates System Interface). 1986 , SCSI , , .. SCSI , . SCSI 8 . SCSI 50- . () SCSI. SCSI 8 , 9 . . 8 SCSI- 1.5 / 3-4 / .
SCSI SCSI-2, D-ROM, , , ...
(FDD). IBM PC (-, ). ( 4), ( 5,25 ) ( 3,5 ).
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4.
: DD (Double Density) , HD (High Density) , DS (Double Sides) , bpi (bit per inch) , tpi (track per inch) . 2HD (3,5) 1,44.
VHD (Very High Density). VHD 3,5 , . 2,88 20,8 .
. (Streamers). , .
5.
4 8 (). . QIC-40 QIC-80 (QIC, Quarter Inch Cartridge). QIC-80 400 , QIC-3010 800 .
(ZIP, JAZ). (Removable Hard Disk Drives) SyQuest. , , . 5,25 3,5 . 3000 , 20 13,5 . 44 270 .
- ( ). , (~ 700 ), - (Compact Disk Read Only Memory CD-ROM) . .
CD-ROM 150 /, 600 /, 3 / .
6. CD-ROM
- CD-R (CD-Recordable), ( ) , CD-RW, .
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) , .
. , . - . . (5,25 3,5 ). 30 50 .
DD | FDD | CD-ROM | CD-RW | -- | ZIP- | JAZ- | ||
- | >120Gb | 1,44b | ~ 680 Mb | ~ 680 Mb | < 70 Gb | < 3 Gb | < 250 b | < 1 Gb |
, () ( . display - to monitor - , ), (), -.
( 1897 . ) , . , . , (pixel picture element).
, 640*480 1024*768 .
, (palette). . ( . - , - ).
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IBM PC MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) . 750*350 25 80 .
G (Colour Graphics Adapter,1981p.). 640*200. 320*200 G 4 .
1982 Hercules Computer Technology HGC (Hercules Graphics Card) 720*350 .
1984 - EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter). 640*350 16 128 .
1987 VGA (Video Graphics Array), MDA, CGA EGA. , : 16 640*480 256 320*200. 256 .
, . , . , , .. . SVGA Super VGA. 2048*1536. 16,7 . . SVGA 64, 128, .
(Red), (Green) (Blue). RGB-.
(1 2,5 ). 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, .
. 0,28, , . 0,25 .
(Soundkart) , .
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- . LPT1 COM1. USB, 256 .
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( . to scan - , )
( . trackball, : track ball - )
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́, ́ ́ (. touchpad: touch , pad ) () , , .
(Scanner) , , , , , . (hand-held) (desktop).
(flatbed), (Sheet-fed) (overhead). - , , .
9.
, . : (1200*2400, 2400*2400 dpi ( )); , (42 48 ); (4); (25) (20).