Disposal of most of this biodegradable organic material without treatment pollutes environment with organisms that are highly dangerous to human health. But the main focus of World Health Organizationis on the increasing polluting environment, which leads to poverty, which in turn leads to environmental pollution.
It contributes to the spread of the disease, undermines the effectiveness of the health services and slows population control. After taking into account the dramatic global changes of the past 20 years and arriving at conclusions that in sanitary conditions contribute to the spread of the diseases, World Health Organizationhas sent out a call for action to help those most in need of improved sanitation.
Summary: The functions of theWorld Health Organization are to direct and coordinate international health work, to provide technical assistance in emergency, to promote work and to eradicate epidemic and other diseases, to prevent accidental injuries, to encourage research in the field of health, to promote better material and child health and welfare, to promote improved standards of teaching and training, to promote reforms in nutrition, housing sanitation etc.
Exercise 9: Answer the following questions:
1. When was the WHO founded?
2. What are the most important achievements of the WHO?
3. What does the WHO do for worlds ecology?
4. What are the functions of the WHO?
Exercise 10: Make your own short report about the WHO.
Exercise 11: You know that many English words are polysemantic. Study the following words and word combinations:
CASE:
case - ;
acute case
chronic case
hopeless case
lingering case
terminal case
advanced / neglected case
case history
case - , ;
case - ,
Exercise 12: Nearly one out of every three people in the world has been infected by hepatitis B virus: More than half a billion people live with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection.
Although viral hepatitis is one of the most prevalent, serious infectious conditions in the world, many people remain unaware of its staggering toll on human health. Hepatitis affects everyone, everywhere. Know it. Confront it.
Watch the WHO report and discuss it: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FzkCUfhAoo
Exercise 13: Read the text, write down the key-words, make a mind-map and prepare a report in Russian and in English:
HEPATITIS A
Fact sheet N328 May 2008
Keyfacts
Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness.
It is spread by faecal-oral (or stool to mouth) transmission when a person ingests food or drink contaminated by an infected person's stool.
The disease is closely associated with poor sanitation and a lack of personal hygiene habits, such as hand-washing.
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An estimated 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A occur annually.
Epidemics can be explosive in growth and cause significant economic losses: 300 000 were affected in one Shanghai outbreak in 1988.
Improved sanitation and the Hepatitis A vaccine are the most effective ways to combat the disease.
Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is spread when an uninfected (or unvaccinated) person eats or drinks something contaminated by the stool of an HAV-infected person: this is called faecal-oral transmission. The disease is closely associated with inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A infection does not cause chronic liver disease and is rarely fatal, but it can cause debilitating symptoms.
Hepatitis A occurs sporadically and in epidemics worldwide, with a tendency for cyclic recurrences. Worldwide, HAV infections account for an estimated 1.4 million cases annually. Epidemics related to contaminated food or water can erupt explosively, such as an epidemic in Shanghai in 1988 that affected about 300 000 people.
The disease can wreak significant economic and social consequences in communities. It can take weeks or months for people recovering from the illness to return to work, school or daily life. The impact on food establishments identified with the virus, and local productivity in general, can be substantial.
Symptoms
The symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe, and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-colored urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). Not everyone who is infected will have all of the symptoms. Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children, and the severity of disease and mortality increases in older age groups. Infected children under six years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Among older children and adults, infection usually causes more severe symptoms, with jaundice occurring in more than 70% of cases. Most people recover in several weeks - or sometimes months - without complications.
Who is at risk?
Anyone who has not had been infected previously or been vaccinated can contract hepatitis A. People who live in places with poor sanitation are at higher risk. In areas where the virus is widespread, most HAV infections occur during early childhood. Other risk factors for the virus include injecting drugs, living in a household with an infected person, or being a sexual partner of someone with acute HAV infection.
Transmission
HAV is usually spread from person to person when an uninfected person ingests food or beverages that have been contaminated with the stool of a person with the virus. Bloodborne transmission of HAV occurs, but is much less common. Waterborne outbreaks, though infrequent, are usually associated with sewage-contaminated or inadequately treated water. Casual contact among people does not spread the virus.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and take several weeks or months. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.
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Prevention
Improved sanitation and Hepatitis A immunization are the most effective ways to combat the disease.
Adequate supplies of safe-drinking water and proper disposal of sewage within communities, combined with personal hygiene practices, such as regular hand-washing, reduce the spread of HAV.
Several hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All are similar in terms of how well they protect people from the virus and their side-effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than one year of age.
Nearly 100% of people will develop protective levels of antibodies to the virus within one month after a single dose of the vaccine. Even after virus exposure, one dose of the vaccine within two weeks of contact with the virus has protective effects. Still, manufacturers recommend two vaccine doses to ensure longer-term protection of about 5 to 8 years after vaccination. Millions of people have been immunized with no serious adverse events. The vaccine can be given as part of regular childhood immunizations programmes and with vaccines commonly given for travel.
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Exercise 14: Read the text in Ex. 13 and make an abstract translation.
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Exercise 16: How to write a Memo:
MEMORANDUM (MEMO)
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