11. The Role of Native and Borrowed Elements................................................... 171
12. Influence of Borrowings................................................................................. 172
13. Summary and Conclusions....................................................................... 175
VII. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY UNITS AND REPLENISHMENT OF MODERN ENGLISH WORD-STOCK
Interdependence of Various Aspects of the Word
1. Notional and Form Words......................................................................... 176
2. Frequency, Polysemy and Structure................................................................. 177
3. Frequency and Stylistic Reference.............................................................. 178
4. Frequency, Polysemy and Etymology........................................................ 179
5. Frequency and Semantic Structure.................................................................... 180
Replenishment of Modern English Vocabulary
6. Development of Vocabulary...................................................................... 180
7. Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of New Vocabulary Units 183
Ways and Means of Enriching the Vocabulary
8. Productive Word-Formation..................................................................... 184
9. Various Ways of Word-Creation.................................................................... 187
10. Borrowing...................................................................................................... 191
11. Semantic Extension................................................................................... 193
Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English
12. Some Debatable Problems of Lexicology..................................................... 195
13. Intrinsic Heterogeneity of Modern English.................................................... 196
14. Number of Vocabulary Items in Actual Use and Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English 197
15. Summary and Conclusions........................................................................ 198
VIII. VARIANTS AND DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
The Main Variants of the English Language
1. General Characteristics of the English Language in Different Parts of
the English-Speaking World..................................................................... 200
2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants....................................................... 202
3. Some Points of History of the Territorial Variants and Lexical Interchange Between Them 205
Local Varieties in the British Isles and the USA
4. Local Dialects in the British Isles................................................................... 206
5. The Relationship Between the English National Language and
British Local Dialects.................................................................................... 207
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6. Local Dialects in the USA........................................................................... 208
7. Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 209
IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
Main Types of English Dictionaries
1. Encyclopaedic and Linguistic Dictionaries..................................................... 210
2. Classification of Linguistic Dictionaries..................................................... 211
3. Explanatory Dictionaries............................................................................. 213
4. Translation Dictionaries.................................................................................. 213
5. Specialised Dictionaries.............................................................................. 214
Some Basic Problems of Dictionary-Compiling
6. The Selection of Lexical Units for Inclusion................................................... 216
7. Arrangement of Entries............................................................................ 218
8. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings....................................................... 219
9. Definition of Meanings................................................................................. 220
10. Illustrative Examples..................................................................................... 221
11. Choice of Adequate Equivalents.................................................................. 222
12. Setting of the Entry,.................................................................................... 222
13. Structure of the Dictionary........................................................................... 225
Learners Dictionaries and Some Problems of Their Compilation
14. Main Characteristic Features of Learners Dictionaries............................ 226
15. Classification of Learners Dictionaries................................................... 227
16. Selection of Entry Words................................................................................. 229
17. Presentation of Meanings......................................................................... 230
18. Setting of the Entry......................................................................................... 232
19. Summary and Conclusions...................................................................... 233
X. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
1. Contrastive Analysis,...................................................................................... 234
2. Statistical Analysis...................................................................................... 242
3. Immediate Constituents Analysis...................................................................... 245
4. Distributional Analysis and Co-occurrence...................................................... 246
5. Transformational Analysis........................................ '...................................... 251
6. Componental Analysis...................................................................................... 254
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7. Method of Semantic Differential....................................................................... 259
8. Summary and Conclusions............................................................................... 261
Material for Reference..............................................................,... 262
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