()
һ
.
( () )
..
1 210601
2014
:
..
:
...,
..
...,
..
...,
..
: / .. . : - () . , 2014 41 .
1 210601 .
, , 1 - .
.
| 充.. | |
| Unit 1 .. | |
| Unit 2 ... | |
| Unit 3 .. | |
| Unit 4 .. | |
| Unit 5 .. | |
| Unit 6 .. | |
| Unit 7 .................................. | |
| Unit 8 ... | |
| Unit 9 ... | |
| Unit 10 ... | |
| ꅅ.. |
1 210601 .
, , 1 - . , , - . , . . , 1 .
|
|
|
, , - , , , .
Unit I
1. What was the first kind of writing?
2. How many signs are there in your writing system?
3. Where does your writing system come from?
,
The text is about...
1. the Greek and English alphabets.
2. the difference between hieroglyphs and alphabets.
3. the Phoenician Empire.
4. where many countries got their alphabets from.
Text 1
The Alphabet
For many thousands of years, when people wanted to write something they had to draw pictures. In Egypt and other Mediterranean countries they were called hieroglyphs. Then, from about 2,500 BC1, a new system of writing began the alphabet.
Nowadays there are seven major alphabets but they all have one thing in common2: they consist of a fixed set of written signs. Each sign is used to show a particular sound. By putting different signs together in different ways all the words in a language can be formed.
In some languages the letters nearly always mean exactly the same sounds. It is very easy to read such languages and make the correct sounds. In others, such as English, some letters or groups of letters do not always make the same sound although they should! These languages are not so easy to read.
We do not know who made the first alphabet. We do know, however, that the most important of them was the Phoenician3 alphabet. The Greeks used this alphabet to help form theirs. The Romans used it for Latin, and before long4 it had spread throughout Europe. It also spread to the east and became, though greatly changed, the Indian, Arabic and Hebrew5 alphabets.
The Phoenicians came from the part of the Mediterranean that is now called the Lebanon6. They were merchants and builders. They did not have an empire the way the Romans had one, but they spread throughout the Mediterranean building cities along the coast of North Africa and elsewhere.
It is not difficult to understand how the Phoenician alphabet spread. It is very useful for keeping business records7 and the Phoenician merchants took it with them wherever they went. Other peoples, seeing how useful it was, began to use it, making changes to meet the needs8 of their own languages.
Most Europeans today believe that their own alphabet comes from the Greek alphabet. They talk about the Greek letters alpha, beta, delta, gamma, etc., and how these became in turn A, B, D, G. They do not know that these Greek letters in turn9 come from the Phoenician alphabet one of the most important inventions in the history of human knowledge.
|
|
|
Notes
1 BC
2 they all have one thing in common
3 Phoenician
4 before long
5 Hebrew ,
6 Lebanon
7 for keeping business records
8 to meet the needs
9 in turn
Words
major
sign
particular ,
sound
mean
exactly
however
spread
though
merchant ,
coast
1. What are hieroglyphs?
2. When did people start using the alphabet?
3. Name four languages that used the Phoenician alphabet.
4. Where did the Phoenicians live?
5. What did the Phoenicians use their alphabet for?
1. The first alphabet started from around the year....
2. Some alphabets are hard to read because....
3. Many different peoples used the... to make their alphabets.
4. The Phoenicians lived in... and moved to the....
5. Many people think their alphabet comes from... but it comes from the much older....
6. , :
Phoenician, earlier, hieroglyphs, sign, alphabets, sound, coast, spread
In the past people used to write in pictures, or.... Then about 2,500 BC people started using the alphabet. Today there are several important... but each one has a... for each sound. Some have many signs for the same... and this makes it difficult to read them. The most important of the early alphabets was the... alphabet. The Phoenicians travelled around a lot and... their alphabet across the Mediterranean and the... of North Africa. Other countries changed the alphabet to fit their own language's sounds. Many people think their alphabet comes from the Greek alphabet but in fact it comes from the... Phoenician one.
Pronouns
, . : , , , , , , . .
(Personal Pronouns)
. : (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) (me, your, him, her, it, us, them), .
I . he , :
John is an engineer. He works at a factory.
. .
she , :
Where is Helen? She is in the garden.
? .
it , , , :
The pencil is broken. .
It is broken. .
The door is open. .
It is open.
The window is big. .
It is big. .
It , :
The dog is under the table. .
It is under the table. .
, , , , , , he, she.
Roger is a good dog. He is my best friend.
My old car is not fast, but she does 50 ml to the gallon.
they , :
|
|
|
The students are in the laboratory. .
They are in the laboratory. .
The letters are on the table. .
They are on the table. .
. , .
He saw me in the street. .
I met them at the station. .
He showed her the picture. .
This letter is for you. .
I have received a letter from her. .
to be, than, Who? .
Who is it? Its me/him/her/us/them.
Who told her about it? Me/Not me.
He is taller than me/him/her (=I am).
(Possessive Pronouns)
whose? ?
, . , :
My car is in the garage. .
He is her son. .
, .
He gave me his address. .
, , , :
His elder brother lives in Moscow. .
, , . , ? ? him them, , ? his their:
(?) ( ). I saw him.
(?) ( ). This is his watch.
(?) ( ). I saw them.
(?) ( ). This is their house.
, , , .., . .
He always puts his hands into his pockets. .
:
| ? ? ? ? | |||
| .. | 1. I | me | my |
| 2. you | you | your | |
| 3. he | him | his | |
| 3. she | her | her | |
| 3. it | it | its | |
| .. | 1. we | us | our |
| 2. you | you | your | |
| 3. they | them | their |
