, " ". (). , , .. - , D, . , D -D +D, - D - . :
=(-D,,+D)
.
. =(-D,,+D) =(-D,,+D) - . , Å, :
Å =(-D,,+D) Å (-D,,+D)=(+-D-D,+,++D+D).
, .. R, B R, D D , .. DÎR DÎR.
.
=(4,5,6) D5=1
=(1,3,5) D3=2
=(5-1,5,5+1)
=(3-2,3,3+2)
Å =(3+5-1-2,5+3,5+3+1+2)=(5,8,11)
, .
, -, :
(-) = (-D,,+D)(-)(-D,,+D) =
= (-D-(+D)),-,+D-(-D)) =
= (--D-D,-,-+D+D).
D(-)=D+D
.. , .
:
=(4,5,6) D5=1
=(1,3,5) D3=2
(-) =(5-3-1-2,5-3,5-3+1+2)=(-1,2,5) D2=3
- =0
:
(-) = (-D,,+D)-(-D,,+D) =
= (0-2 D,0,0+2 D) =
= (-2 D,0,2 D), D0=2D .
(0,0,0), .. 0, D0=2D .
.
- =(0,0,0)(-)(-D,,+D)=(--D,-,-+D).
Å - =(-D,,+D) Å (--D,-,-+D)=(-2D,0,2D).
R+ R. R , R +. R.
Ä = (-D,,+D) Ä (-D,,+D) =
= [(-D)*(-D),*,(+D)*(+D) =
= [(*-*D-*D+D*D),*,(*+*D+*D+D*D)]
, (Dl) (Dr).
Dl( * )=*D+*D-D*D
Dr( * )=*D+*D+D*D
=(-Dl,,+Dr)
=(-Dl,,+Dr)
Ä = (*-*Dl-*Dl+Dl*Dl,*,*+*Dr+*Dr+Dr*Dr);
Dl( * )=*Dl+*Dl-Dl*Dl,
Dr( * )=*Dr+*Dr+Dr*Dr,
:
=(3,8,9), Dl8=5, Dr8=1
=(4,5,7), Dl5=1, Dr5=2
Ä =(5*8-88*1-5*5+5*1,5*8,5*8+8*2+5*1+1*2)=(12,40,63).
R , R+.
:
= (-2,3,5), Dl3=5, Dr3=2
|
|
= (-3,-1,4), Dl(-1)=2, Dr(-1)=5
Ä , . :
MIN [(-2)*(-3), 5*(-3), (-2)*(4), (5)*(4)] =
= MIN (6, -15, -8, 20) = -15.
:
MAX (6, -15, -8, 20)=20
Ä =(-15, -3, 20), Dl(-3)=12, Dr(-3)=23.
R .
D={( -D l)*( -Dl ),( -Dl )*( +Dr ),( +Dr )*( -Dl ),
( +D r)*(+Dr)}.
MIN(kÎD) - , k
MAX(kÎD) - , k
A * B - .
:
D={(3-5)*(-1-2),(3-5)*(-1+5),(3+2)*(-1-2),(3+2)*(-1+5)}=
={6,-8,-15,20}.
MIN D=-15, MAX D=20.
A Ä B =(-15,-3,20).
, R.
. R :
, R . =(-3,2,5). (-3) (-1/3), 2 - 1/2, 5 - 1/5. -1/3 1/5, 0, -¥ ¥, (A-DlA,A,A+DrA). .
R+.
A (:) B = (A-DlA,A,A+DRA)(:)(B-DlB,B,B+DrB) =
, B>0 ( DlB<B). R+0 :
, A =(A,A,A)=A.
, Å Ä.
:
Å ( Ä )=( Å ) Ä ( Å ).
R, :
Ä( Å )=( Ä )Å( Ä ).
. , Dl Dr . Dl " " Dr - " " .
Dl Dr , Dl*Dr Dl Dr, , , :
Ä =(*-*Dl-*Dl,*,*+*Dr+*Dr),
Dl, Dr<<, Dl, Dr<<
" ", .. Dl/ Dr/, " " " " . , :
.
Dl/Dr .
R, , "" . , , ³a1 ³a2, a1, a2 R, .. =[a1,a2] R. , , [a1,a2]. , =[a1,a2] . , , . .
|
|
, . : - Rn, n=1,2,3.... (1),(2) , ' [(1), (2)] .
, . . =[a1,a2] R, B=[b1,b2] R , X [a1,a2] Y [b1,b2]. , X Å Y? :
a1£x£a2, b1£x£b2
a1+b1£x+y£a2+b2,.. x+yÎa1+b1,a2+b2].
: Å =[a1,a2 ]Å [b1,b2]=[a1+b1,a2+b2].
1:
=[-2,7],B=[4,5]
A+B =[2,12].
. .
a1£x£a2,-b2£-y£-b1
a1-b2£x-y£a2-b1, .. x-yÎ[a1-b2, a2-b1].
:
(-)=[a1, a2]-[b1,b2]=[a1-b2,a2-b1].
2: 1
A(-)B =[-7,3]
. O A Ä B=[a1,a2]*[b1,b2]
1
A | B | A*B |
0£a1£a2 0£a1£a2 0£a1£a2 a1£0£a2 a1£0£a2 a1£0£a2 a1£a2£0 a1£a2£0 a1£a2£0 | 0£b1£b2 b1£0£b2 b1£b2£0 0£b1£b2 b1£0£b2 b1£b2£0 0£b1£b2 b1£0£b2 b1£b2£0 | [a1*b1, a2*b2] [a2*b1, a2*b2] [a2*b1, a1*b2] [a1*b2, a2*b2] MIN(a1*b2,a2*b1),MAX(a1*b1, a2*b2) [a2*b1, a1*b1] [a1*b2, a2*b1] [a1*b2, a1*b1] [a2*b2, a1*b1] |
:
A Ä B =[ MIN(a1*b2,a2*b1,a1*b1,a2*b2),
MAX(a1*b2,a2*b1,a1*b1,a2*b2)]
3.
A Ä B =[-2,7]Ä[4,5]=[-10,35].
, .
:
1) 0<a1£a2: [a1,a2] (-1)=[1/a2,1/a1]
2) 0=a1<a2: [a1,a2] (-1)=[1/a2,¥]
3) 0=a1=a2: ¥
4) a1£a2<0: [a1,a2] (-1)=[1/a2,1/a1]
5) a1<a2=0: [a1,a2] (-1) =(-¥,1/a1]
6) a1£0£a2: [a1,a2] (-1) = (-¥,1/a1]È[1/a2,¥)
[a1,a2]Ä[a1,a2](-1)¹1.
4.
A(-1)=[-2,7](-1)=[MIN(-1/2,1/7),MAX(-1/2,1/7)]=[-1/2,1/7].
. (-1) , :
A(:)B=A Ä B(-1).
.
K*=[MIN(K*a1,K*a2),MAX(K*a1,K*a2)].
=-3 =[-2,7] *=[-21,6].
. "Ç"
A(Ç)B=[a1,a2](Ç)[b1,b2]=
=[MIN(a1,b1),MIN(a2,b2)]=[a1Çb1,a2Çb2].
. "È" :
A(È)B=[a1,a2](È)[b1,b2]=
=[MAX(a1,b1),MAX(a2,b2)]=[a1Èb1,a2Èb2]
, ÇB AÈB , .
. R R , . , . .
|
|
l([a1,a2]) =
>B,
a1 + a2 = b1 + b2, , A>B, a2 > b2.
, - , .. Ì. m(), , ( ) :
mA()=1 Î
mA()=0 Ï.
:
={1,2,3,4,5} ={1,3,5 }. : mA(1)=1; mA(2)=0; mA(3)=1; mA(4)=0; mA(5)=1.
:
={(1,1),(2,0),(3,1),(4,0),(5,1)}.
, , 0 1 Î[0,1], .. mA()=Î[0,1].
2 (mA(x)=0), (mA(x) 0), (mA()0,5), (mA 1) , , (mA()=1).
, ={(10,2),(20,4),(31),(40),(50,8)}, i - , , . _ :
:
Ì E A Ì E
.
. 12.1 , .
. 12.1.
. 12.2 .
. 12.2.
, . . , , - .
{(x| }, " xÎE
- . , , , .
,
x ~ M
.
:
1) , n, nÎR (R - );
2) 0;
3) - - ; + .
.
N -
N = {-8,-5,-3,0,1,2,4,6,9}
0.
= {(-80), (-50,5), (-30,6), (01), (10,9), (20,8), (40,6), (60,3), (90)}
, =-8,-5,-3..., , , .
:
-8Î , -5 Î , -3 Î ,...
0 0.5 0.6
|
|
. , . - =[0,1] - , - .
. ( = ) , (A = B) Û (" x Î E: = ).
, )¹ , , ¹
. , , . (AÇB)=(" x Î E: )= MIN(), ).
.
={1,2,3,4,5}, M=[0,1].
={(10,1),(20,5),(31),(40),(50,8)}.
={(10,6),(21),(30,4),(40,7),(50,8)}.
={(10,1),(20,5),(30,4),(40),(50,8)}.
. 12.3 .
. 12.3.
. , , , , :
()=("xÎE: )=MAX(), )
,
={(10.6),(21),(31),(40.7),(50.8)}.
. 12.4 .
. 12.4.
. , ,
"xÎE: =1- ).
:
B=ùA A=ùB
:
= {1,x2,x3,x4,x5}, M=[0,1].
A = {(10.15),(20.45),(30),(40.75),(51)}.
B = {(10.88),(20.55),(31),(40.25),(50)}.
ùA=B
. 12.5 .
. 12.5.
. , ,
"xÎE: )£
Ì .
, , ,
:
= {1,2,3}, M=[0,1].
= {(10,8),(20,6),(30,4)}.
= {(10,5),(20,4),(30,1)}.
Ì , 0.5<0.8; 0.4<0.6; 0.1<0.4.
. :
Å = ( Çù )È(ù Ç )
.
= {(10.1),(20.5),(31),(40),(50.8)}.
= {(10.6),(21),(30.4),(40.7),(50.8)}.
ù = {(10.9),(20.5),(30),(41),(50.2)}.
ù = {(10.4),(20),(30.6),(40.3),(50.2)}.
Çù = {(10.1),(20),(30.6),(40),(50.2)}.
ù Ç = {(10.6),(20.5),(30),(40.7),(50.2)}.
Å = {(10.6),(20.5).
- = Çù
,
AÇùB = {(10,1),(20),(30.6),(40),(50.2)}.
- ¹ -
. l. l>0
, l<0 - .
"xÎE, ¹ (x-l), lÎR
. 12.6 .
. 12.6.
. :
"xÎE, = --------------
MAX
. 12.7 .
. 12.7.
. :
"xÎE, ()k, k>1.
.5.10 .
. 5.10.
. :
xÎE, = ()k, 0<k<1.
. 12.8 .
. 12.6.
n A1,...,An, P=A1x...xAn . n - 0 .
.
={1,2,5} Y={y1,y2,y3,y4}, =[0,1]. 2-
|
|
R | y1 | y2 | y3 |
x1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | |
x2 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
È - , Ç - .
m1(x)=È m(x,y)=MAXm(x,y)
y y
m2(x)=È m(x,y)=MINm(x,y)
y y
R L RL
mRÇL(x,y)= mR(x)ÇmL(x)=MIN(mR(x),mL(x))
R1,...,Rn - ,
R=ÇRi.
R1 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 1 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.9 |
R2 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.6 0.9 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.8 |
R3 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 0.9 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.8 |
R L RÈL R+L
mRÈL(x,y)=mR(x,y)ÈmL(x,y)=MAX(mR(x,y),mL(x,y))
R1,...,Rn - ,
RÈRi.
i
.
Y1 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 1 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.9 |
Y2 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.6 0.9 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.8 |
Y3 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.6 1 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.9 |
R*L R L
mR*L(x,y)=mR(x,y)*mL(x,y)
"*"
È * :
R(LUB) = (RB)U(RB)
RU(LB) = (RUL)(RUB)
R*(LUB) = (R*L)U(R*B)
R*(LB) = (R*L)(R*B)
R L R+L :
mR+L(x,y)=mR(x,y)+mL(x,y)-mR(x,y)*mL(x,y)
"*" , "+" - .
R ( ) ,
m(x,y)ÎXxY: =1-mR(x,y)
.
R | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 1 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.9 |
R | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.6 0.9 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.8 |
R L R+L R Å L=(RL)U(RL).
R | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 1 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.9 |
L | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.6 0.9 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.8 |
y1 y2 y3 | |
x1 | 0.8 0.5 0 |
x2 | 1 0.4 0.1 |
y1 y2 y3 | |
x1 | 0.7 0.4 0.1 |
x2 | 0.9 0.6 0.2 |
RÈL | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.4 0.1 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.2 |
RÇL | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.5 0 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.1 |
R Å L | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.3 0.5 0.1 |
x2 | 0.1 0.4 0.2 |
R, R
ì 0, mR(x,y)<0.5
mR (x,y)= 1, mR(x,y)<0.5
î 0 1, E mR(x,y)=0.5
, , Î, Î.
R | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 1 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.9 |
R | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0 0 1 |
x2 | 0 0 1 |
. R1 R2 R1ÌXxY, R2ÌYxZ.
max-min R1 R2 R1oR2
mRoL(x,y)=È(mR(x,y)ÇmL(x,y))=MAX(MIN(mR(x,y),mL(x,y)))
y y y
.
R1 | y1 y2 y3 |
x1 | 0.2 0.5 1 |
x2 | 0 0.4 0.9 |
R2 | z1 z2 z3 |
y1 | 0.9 0.4 0.2 |
y2 y3 | 0 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.3 |
R1oR2 | z1 z2 z3 |
y1 | 0.9 0.4 0.2 |
y2 y3 | 1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.3 |
(x,z)=(x1,z1)
MIN(mR1(x1,y1),mR2(y1,z1))=MIN(0.1,0.9)=0.1
MIN(mR1(x1,y2),mR2(y2,z1))=MIN(0.4,1)=0.4
MIN(mR1(x1,y3),mR2(y3,z1))=MIN(0.7,0.8)=0.7
MAX(MIN((mR1(x1,yi),mR2(yi,z1)))=MAX(0.1,0.4,0.7)=0.7
yi
(x,z)=(x1,z2)
MIN(mR1(x1,y1),mR2(y1,z2))=MIN(0.1,0.4)=0.1
MIN(mR1(x1,y2),mR2(y2,z2))=MIN(0.4,0.5)=0.4
MIN(mR1(x1,y3),mR2(y3,z2))=MIN(0.7,0.6)=0.6
MAX(MIN((mR1(x1,yi),mR2(yi,z2)))=MAX(0.1,0.4,0.6)=0.6
.. .
.
, . , . . , n - (1921), (1937) (1940) , .
, . . , . , . . , .
. , , . , , , .
12.1. ={,,,,,,}
={(), (, 3), (, 7), ( 1), ( |0), ( 0, 2), (,6)},
={( |0, 3), ( |1), (, 5), ( 0. 8), ( |1), ( 0, 5), (, 6)},
={( |1), ( |0, 5), (, 5), ( 0, 2), ( |0), ( 0, 2), (, 9)},
:
) ∩ , ) , )()∩,, ) , ) .
13.
40- . ( ) , . 1943. , . 1965. . . . 1969. , . , . . .