angel Greek angelos bringer of messages
arena Lat sand; Coliseum was strewn with sand to absorb the blood
arrive Fr-Lat to come by water
assassin Arabic orig. a sect of Oriental religious and military fanatics founded in Persia in 1090. They were called Hashashashins (from hashish they used before engaging in massacres)
bachelor Fr-Lat Lat baccalaria herd of cows; baccalarius a youth who attended cows
balmy euphemism for mentally deranged may be is a corruption of Barming Asylum (a house for the mad in Kent in 1832)
barbarian Greek Greeks described any foreign people whose speech they couldnt understand and which sounded to them like ba-ba
bedlam now chaos; from the name of a famous London mental hospital once situated where Liverpool St Station now stands
beefeater the Yeomen of the Guard at the Tower of London; in mediaeval England eater servant; loaf-eater a menial servant who waited on the superior servants; the highest class of servant the fighting man, who ate beef the beefeater
Bible Lat biblia, a diminutive of biblos the inner bark of papyrus; orig. meant any book made of papyrus, paper
biro now a ball-point pen named after Laszlo Biro, its Hungarian inventor
blackleg the sporting men of low type invariably wore black leggings or top boots
blackmail Scottish mail rent or tax; orig. was a tribute paid by Border farmers (border between England and Scotland) to free-booters in return for protection from molestation from either side of the Border
bluestocking from a literary club formed by a Mrs. Montague in 1840. Benjamin Stillingfleet who wore blue stockings, was a regular visitor, and they became the recognized emblem of membership
boor Dutch orig. a peasant or farm worker, now a rude, awkward, or ill-mannered person
bread orig. a fragment or a small piece
bribe Fr lumps of bread given to beggars
budget Fr-Celt orig. a sack full of money, the various sums appropriated to special purposes being sorted into little pouches
butler orig. a man in charge of the wine
cab. shortening for Fr. cabriolet (a one-horse cab)
cabinet It cabinetto a little room (kings took their advisors into their private rooms their cabinet)
camp Fr-It-Lat campus exercising ground for the army
candidate Lat candidus white (candere to shine); in Roman empire whose who sought high office in the State vested themselves in white togas (emp. purity of character and intentions)
canteen It cantina a wine cellar
cash Fr casse a case or box in which money was kept
chap shortening for chapman one who sold goods in a cheap market
cheap OE ceap a purchase, a bargain; Cf. German kaufen
churl OE ceorl a peasant, freeman, now a surly, ill-bred person, boor
citizen Fr orig. a native or inhabitant, esp. a freeman or burgess, of a town or city
client Lat in ancient Rome a client was a plebeian under the patronage of a patrician. He performed certain services for the patron who was thereby obliged to protect his life and interests
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clumsy Sc too cold to feel anything
corn Lat granum grain
country Fr-Lat contra opposite, over against
coward Fr couard Lat cauda a tail; to turn tail to act as a coward
damask Arabic a rich silk brocade from Damascus
dandelion Fr dent-de-lion tooth of the lion, from the jagged tooth-like edges of the leaves like the teeth of a lion
daughter Skr milker
deer OE deor wild animal
derrick after Thos. Derrick, London hangman of the early 17th century, orig. applied to a gallows
drawing-room orig. the withdrawing room to which the ladies withdrew after dinner, leaving the men to their wine and cigars
earn (ones living) derived from the old German word for harvest; Dutch erne; Bavarian arnen
eccentric orig. to deviate from the centre, from the Lat ex centrum otherwise, not according to rule
economy now is used mostly for national or international politics, orig. belonged primarily to the house, being derived from the Greek oikos house and nomos a law
enthusiast Greek entheos one who is inspired by a God
fare orig. a journey for which passage money was paid; it has come to mean the money paid for the passage, and the person paying the money is also called the fare
farewell an expression of goodwill to a traveler starting out on a fare (journey) the wish that the journey would end in all well
fee OE feoh cattle, which in those days was one of the principal means of making a payment (Lat pecunia money was derived in a similar way from pecus cattle and capital from capita head of cattle)
fellow Sc one who lays down money in a joint undertaking
field OE feld a place from which the trees had been felled, or cleared; hence the derivational element field, feld in Sheffield, Chesterfield, Earlsfield
fond ME contr. of fonned foolish, p.p. of fonnen to be foolish
fool Lat follis a windbag, the plural folles puffed-out cheeks
foreign Fr-Lat foranus foreign, orig. external; from foras out-of-doors, orig. acc. pl. of OLat fora a door
forget-me-not the remembrance legend of the little flower is derived from a tragedy of the Danube, which may or may not be true. A German Knight to please his lady climbed down the bank of the Danube to pick the flower, fell into the swift-flowing stream and, impended by his armour, was swept away and drowned. But not before he was able to pick the flower and throw it to his lady on the bank with the words (his last) Vergiß mein nicht (forget me not)
fowl OE fugol any bird
gentleman in feudal days there was a strict class distinction between the labourer, the yeomen, and the man of gentle birth, though not noble birth. The gentle birth entitled him to bear arms
girl OE orig. a child of either sex (gyrel a long dress)
glad OE bright, shining
glove OE glof the palm of the hand
good-bye God be with you; the French say adieu (à Dieu I commend you to God)
harem Arabic something forbidden
hockey the name is derived from the diminutive of hook, the club used in the game being hooked slightly at the end
holland a linen or cotton cloth used for clothing, window shades, first made in Holland
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holocaust Greek holos whole and kaio I burn. In its Biblical sense it was a sacrifice completely consumed by fire
honeymoon the name is derived from the custom in Northern Europe of drinking hydromel, or diluted honey (mead), a fermented liquor made from honey, for thirty days (a moon, month) after the marriage feast
hospital Fr-Lat orig. a place to receive guests or travelers
journal Fr daily
idiot Greek idios private, ones own, the Greek idiotes signifying a man in private life, as distinguished from one holding an official position. The assumption was that the latter would be of higher education and intellect. Now it means one who is weak in mind or deficient in common sense
imbecile Lat in on and bacillus a staff, thus one who leans on a stick; it would be more sensibly to say it meant weak in strength (not in mind)
infantry Lat infans an infant; in the days of chivalry youths of good family, with their attendants, marched on foot in the rear of the mounted knights thus becoming the forerunners of the infantry of the army
khaki Hindustani khak colour of the soil, dusty
king OE cyn a people, or a nation. The suffix ing meant of, in the sense of son of; thus cyning son of the nation, or of the people
knave OE a boy, esp. a boy in someones employ. Cf. knight a man servant. Knight has become an honour, knave a dishonour
lavender Lat lavendula; from lavare to wash. Lavender was at one time used in the washing of linen which was too delicate to be beaten on the stones in the streams. It was accordingly rinsed well in soap and water, laid across a line, and beaten gently with long springs of lavender
leaf before the invention of paper, writing was recorded on the leaves of certain plants; the name still stands for a page of writing
legend Lat legenda, from legere to read; the Legenda was a book containing the narratives of the lives of the Saints, read in the religious houses
limousine Fr limousine cloak, the idea was a cloaked car, cars having previously been open
lumber-room orig. Lombard room. The Lombards were the first pawn-brokers in England. Their rooms, packed with all manner of goods not wanted by their original owners, were known as Lombard rooms
mac the prefix to Scottish names is Gaelic for son of; MacGregor was the son of Gregor
mackintosh the raincoat is so called after the Scotsman who invented the waterproofing of material
marshal Fr-Lat a horse servant: marah horse+ scalh servant
mausoleum now the name is given to any large and stately tomb; orig. the tomb of Mausolus, a large and magnificent edifice adorned with sculpture, and built at the order of his Queen, Artemisia. Erected at Halicarnassus about 350 B.C., it is ranked as one of the Seven Wonders of the World
May Romans called it magius, later Maius, from the Sanskrit mah to grow. Later, still, however, it was held sacred to Maia, mother of Mercury, and sacrifices were offered on the first day of the month
meat OE food; MnE edible flesh of killed animals
melodrama Greek melos a song and drama a play; melodrama was originally a play in which music was used, but was of minor importance
mentor Greek adviser; Mentor was the loyal friend and adviser of Odysseus, and teacher of his son, Telemachus; now 1. a wise, loyal adviser; 2. a teacher or coach
mesmerism so called after Franz Anton Mesmer (1733 1815), an Austrian doctor, who introduced into Paris a theory of animal magnetism as a cure
minister Fr-Lat a servant, attendant
monger is derived from the Mediaeval English mong a mixture, an association and the OE mangere one who trades. Thus orig. it was one who traded, or sold, a mixture of commodities in association with one another
morocco a fine soft leather made orig. in Morocco, from goatskins tanned with sumac
naughty is composed of the OE na not and wiht thing, and orig. meant worthless, good for nothing
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nephew Lat nepos a grandson. It meant grandchild, or descendant in Early English. Niece, from the Lat neptis a granddaughter
omnibus Lat omnibus for all
Oxford in Domesday Book is called Oxeneford a ford for the passage of oxen across the River Isis
pagan now used to describe a non-believer in Christianity. It is an adaptation of the Lat paganus a villager, rustic. It was used of rustics chiefly by the Roman soldiery, and expressed their contempt of people, who being so far removed from the cities, had little knowledge of Roman mythology
panama (hat) after Panama (city), once a main distributing center
parlour Fr parler to talk; orig. a room set apart in a monastery where conversation was allowed and visitors admitted
patient Lat patiens, the present participle of patior I suffer, I endure
pen Lat penna a feather; the earliest pens were quills feathers cut into the form of pens with a pen-knife
pencil Lat penicellum a paintbrush
perfume Lat per fumum from smoke; the original perfume was obtained from the combustion of aromatic wood and gums to counteract the offensive smell of burning flesh of old-time sacrifices
person Lat persona actors face mask
philander today is a reproach of a man who always makes love to all women, but never seriously; orig. Greek philos love and aner (Gen. andros) a male, a husband, meaning lover-of-a-man, a dutiful and loving wife
pipe orig. a musical instrument
poacher OE poke a sack or bag; orig. a person who bagged or pocketed somebody elses property
poison Fr-Lat potio any drink
pretty OE crafty, wily
purchase Fr pour-chasser to hunt for; it belongs to the days when there were no shop windows with goods on show, and goods required had to be hunted for
quasi Lat quasi as if it were
queen OE cwen a woman
queue Fr tail
quick OE cwic living
quisling after Vidkun Quisling (1887-1945), Norwegian politician who betrayed his country to the Nazis and became its puppet ruler; now a traitor
raglan a type of overcoat, after Lord Raglan (1788-1855), British commander-in-chief in the Crimean War
ransack Danish rann a house and saikja to seek, search; orig. to search a house thoroughly
ready OE orig. prepared for riding
reduce orig. to bring back Lat re back and duco I lead
rendezvous Fr rendez betake and vous yourself: go to (the place appointed)
reply Lat replicare to turn back
rival Lat rivalis one living on the opposite bank of the river (from rivus a stream)
room OE rum space
sad OE orig. firm, heavy, resolute; Cf. sad bread
salad orig. green vegetables seasoned with salt, salad meaning salted
scenery Greek skene a covered place; so the painted scenery of the stage was applied to the scenery of Nature
school Greek scole leisure
science Lat scire to know; the present participle is sciens (scientis)
scissors Lat cisorum (from caedere to cut)
scoundrel OE scunner, scunean to loathe, to shun
search Lat circare to go about in a circle
shahid Arabic a Muslim martyr
shilling OE scyllan to divide; the original shilling was marked with a deeply indented cross, dividing it into halves or quarters, which could be broken off to the amount desired
shrew, shrewd both come from ME shrew a type of mouse with a long sharp nose, whose bite was believed in those days to be poisonous
silhouette so named after Etienne de Silhouette, Chancellor of the Exchequer to Louis XV He was the first to have his photograph outlined, side view, on black paper
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sinister Lat sinister left; from the ancient days left side has been regarded with superstitious fears. Nothing good could ever come from the left. An illegitimate child was said to have been born on the left side of the bed. A morganatic marriage (one between a royal person and a woman of less station, in which the wife does not acquire her husbands rank, and neither she, nor any of her issue, have any claims to his title or inheritance) was described as a left-handed marriage. To step over a doorway with the left foot was as ill omen. Thus, left became sinister side, and was thus looked upon all through the ages
sky Sc cloud
snob the word is invented by Thackeray to describe George IV; he is said to have coined it from the entry against the names of commoners in the lists of colleges s.nob (which stood for sine nobilitate not of noble blood). In Cambridge, snob is still the college word for a townsman as distinct from a gownsman (a member of the University)
soldier Lat solidus a piece of money; orig. the Roman soldier was a hireling, or mercenary, engaged with money to fight
son Skr sunu, derived from su to beget
speculate Lat speculari to spy from a watch-tower
spinster OE one who span; the women of the Anglo-Saxon household span, in winter, the fleeces which had been taken from the sheep during the summer. That was their expected task. It was a recognized axiom that no woman of that period was fitted to be a wife until she had spun for herself her body, table and bed linen. Thus the task of spinning was generally delegated to the unmarried women of the house who were the spinners or the spinsters
starve OE steorfan to die, perish
stepmother, stepfather the prefix indicating that the person referred to is not a blood relation, but a relative only marriage; OE steop, which is connected with astieped bereaved
steward OE stigweard: stigo a sty and weard ward. It dates back to the days when most of England was forest, and the chief wealth of the Saxon landowner was pigs. The pigs were driven home from the forest feeding grounds at night and penned in their sties, stig-weard a man being employed to keep watch and ward over them
stock OE stocc a stick or wood, because wood had to be accumulated and stored for the winter. Thus, anything stored came to be known as stock
style Lat a pointed stick for writing
suicide Lat sui of oneself and cidium a slaying (caedere to slay)
supercilious Lat super over and cilium eyebrow; literally having an elevated eyebrow
surname Lat super (through Fr sur) over, above and nomen name
swindle German Schwindler a cheating company promoter
taboo the Maori (New Zealand) tapu, tabu sacred; it was a religious ceremony which could be imposed only by a priest
tailor Lat taleare to cut
teach OE to show, demonstrate
tête-à-tête Fr tête head; a conversation head-to-head
thing OE that which is said
tide OE tid time
token OE a mark; in ME the evidence
torment Lat tortus, past participle of torquere to twist, from which also torture, extort are derived
town OE tun an enclosure
trousers Fr trousser to truss, to girt in
trousseau Fr trousse a bundle
tumbler the name for a drinking glass, has existed from the glasses of the sixteenth century the earliest glasses. They had a rounded or pointed base and could stand only on being emptied and inverted. Any other way they tumbled over
ugly Sc frightening
umbrella Lat umbra shade
university Lat universitas the whole; when the word was first coined in the twelfth century, it was done so because of the entire, and the whole, range of literature taught in the colleges the universitas literarum
utopia Sir Thomas More, in 1516, wrote a romance of that title. Utopia was an island enjoying the utmost perfection in life, society politics and law; the name comes from the Greek ou not and topos a place, so the meaning is no place
valet Fr vaselet, an abbreviation of vassalet vassal
verdict Lat vere dictum a true saying
veto Lat I forbid
villain orig. a serf attached to the villa of his lord
volume Lat volumen a wreath or a roll. Historically, a volume was a roll of parchment, papyrus, etc., containing written matter. Before the days of books and poems the records of history were written on sheets of paper. These were fastened together lengthways and rolled up
week the days of the week are of Anglo-Saxon origin, as follows: Sunday (OE Sunnandaeg) the day of the sun; Monday (OE Monandaeg) the day of the moon; Tuesday (OE Tiwesdaeg) the day of Tiw, God of War; Wednesday (OE Wodnesdaeg) the day of Woden, God of Storms; Thursday (OE Thunresdaeg) the day of Thor, God of Thunder; Friday (OE Frigendaeg) the day of Freya, Goddess of Marriage; Saturday (OE Saterdaeg) the day of Saturn, God of Time
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wife OE wif a woman; now a married woman
:
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26. : . ., 1976.
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28. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986.