1.2.. A = det A | A | D,
:
1. , .. ;
2. , ..
;
4. , A = , det A : , , - , A = , ..
,
- , .. = , i - j - ,
.1.2
det A.
. det A, A:
1.3
:
∆ = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=
= , . .
∆ = 12∙ 12 + 22∙ 22 + 32∙ 32 + 42∙ 42 = 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙
(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = (-1) .
:
∆ = - = - (3∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 + +2∙ (-1∙5- 3∙(-5)) = -(3∙7+2∙10)=-41.
2 - 3 ,
= =
.
2 = ∙ = ∙ .
, , (. ; ; ) . , , .. 3×3:
2 =
= =
:
∙ = ∙ =
=
= =
3∙ ∙ = 3∙ = ( , .)= .
, ,
2 - 3 = - = ( , .)= .
n= 4.
.
~ ~
|
|
~ ~
:
A < 4, , 2 . , A ¹.0. :
.
.
- . ,
; ; ; .
.
. :
.
:
:
.
1.4. :
. , r (A) = 2, .. =1¹0; =3. r (A) < , .. . =1¹0 , :
.
(6.3).
= 2 x 3; = 3 x 3.
, (6.3) ; . x 1 ,x2 , x3 . , 3=0, 1=0, 2=0; .. , 3=1, 1=2, 2=3, .
.
. . A,
=
2:= 2 1+ 2; 3:= 2 1+ 3, - A. ,
A ~ ( 3:= 2+ 3) ~
, r (A) =3, .. - r = 6 -3=3 . , 1, 2, 3 .
1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6:
4 (1,0,0), 5 (0,1,0), 6 (0,0, 1) 1, 2, 3 :
1 | 2 | 3 |
-2 | ||
-4 | -3 | |
, :
=(14, 11,-2,1,0,0)
=(-4, -3, 0,0,1,0)
=(1, 0,1,0,0,1)
(1)
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
.
1). . , (1):
, :
- ;
- ;
- ( ) .
, . , , , , .. , , . , : , 2. , , 1, 1 , , .
|
|
, 1. . :
2 1,
( 2 , 1 ).
1. . 2 0, (-2) . :
2:= -2∙ 1 + 2,
(:= - , .. , ).
3 , 3:= -3∙ 1 + 3, (-1) , 4:= 1 + 4.
, .. . ( 3), , 1. , (.. ):
4 2.
1. .- 5 , 3:= -5∙ 2 + 3, 3 , 4:= -3 2 + 4.
. ( -22). , (-22) . -15 ,
4:=- 15∙ 3 +22∙ 4.
41,.. 4:= 4: 41.
(1) .
x 4 = - 1. , . :
- 22 x 3 - 35∙ (-1) = - 9. ,
.
4 3 ,
x 2 +3∙2 + 5∙(-1) = 2, x 2 = 2 6 +5 =1. x 4 , 3 x 2
x 1 - 1 + 2∙2 +3∙(-1) = 1 x 1 = 1.
: .
2). , (6.3). .
, :
= ,
:
= .
, . :
∆ = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=
|
|
= , . .
∆ = 12∙ 12 + 22∙ 22 + 32∙ 32 + 42∙ 42 = 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙
(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = (-1) .
:
∆ = - = - (3∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 + +2∙ (-1∙5- 3∙(-5)) = -(3∙7+2∙10)=-41.
∆ , ∆ .
∆ = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=
= .
:
∆ = 12∙ 12 + 22∙ 22 + 32∙ 32 + 42∙ 42 == 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙
(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = (-1) .
:
∆ = - = - (1∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 +
+2∙ (4∙5- 3∙1) = - (1∙7+2∙17)= - 41.
∆ , ∆ .
∆ = =( 3:= -4∙ 2 + 3, 4:= - 2 + 4 )=
= =
,
:∆ = 12∙ 12 + 22∙ 22 + 32∙ 32 + 42∙ 42 == 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙
(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42==0 + 1∙(-1)2+2 +0+0 = .
:
=2∙9∙1 + 2∙(-2)∙13 + (-1)∙1∙1 (-1)∙9∙2 - 1∙(-2)∙1 - 2∙1∙13 = 18-52-1 +18 +2 -26= =-41 =∆ ..
∆ z, ∆ :
∆ z = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=
= .
:
∆ z = 12∙ 12 + 22∙ 22 + 32∙ 32 + 42∙ 42 = 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙
(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = - .
:
∆ z =- (3∙4∙4 +1∙1∙(-5) + 1∙(-1)∙2 - 2∙4∙(-5) - 1∙1∙3 - 1∙(-1)∙4) =
=-(48 -5 -2 +40 -3+4)=-82
∆ t, ∆ .
∆ t = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=
= .
:
∆ t = 12∙ 12 + 22∙ 22 + 32∙ 32 + 42∙ 42 =
= 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=
=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = - .
:
∆ t =- (3∙3∙1 +0∙4∙(-5) + 1∙(-1)∙5 - 1∙3∙(-5) - 0∙1∙(-1) - 5∙3∙4) =
=-(9 +0 -5 +15 +0-60) = 41.
x = = =1; y = = =1; z = = = 2; t = = = - 1.
: .
(1)
.
(2.3). , :
|
|
= ,
= = .
∙ = ,
.. ∙ =. , = - 1 ∙.
-1.
1)
= =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=
= = 1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 =
= - = - (3∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 +
2∙ (-1∙5- 3∙(-5)) = - (3∙7+2∙10)= - 41.
2) ( ij) ij .
( ):
11 = (-1)1+1 ∙ = 2 - 4 +6+6-1-8 = 1,
12 = (-1)1+2 ∙ = -(-2 + 2 +9 - 3+1- 12) = 5,
13 = (-1)4 ∙ = 4 - 1 + 18+6 +2+6 = 35,
14 = (-1)5 ∙ = -(2 - 1 + 12+ 4+2 + 3) = -22,
21 = (-1)3 ∙ = -(-2 + 4 - 2- 2+1+ 8) = -7,
22 = (-1)4 ∙ = -4 - 2 - 3+ 1+2+ 12 = 6,
23 = (-1)5 ∙ =-(8 - 6 + 1- 2 + 4- 6) = 1,
24 = (-1)6 ∙ = 4 + 1 12 4 + 4- 3 = -10,
31 = (-1)4 ∙ = 4 - 12 +1+4-4-3 = -10,
32 = (-1)5 ∙ = -(8 - 1 +6 - 2- 6+ 4) = -9,
33 = (-1)3+3 ∙ = -4 - 3 - 2+ 1- 12- 2 = -22,
34 = (-1)7 ∙ = -(-2 - 2 - 4+ 2-8- 1) = 15,
41 = (-1)5 ∙ = -(-2 - 1 12 +4 + 3 + 2) = 6,
42 = (-1)6 ∙ = -4 18 + 1+6 + 6- 2 = -11,
43 = (-1)7 ∙ = -(2 - 2 + 9 - 3-12 +1) = 5,
44 = (-1)8 ∙ = 2- 4 +6 - 6- 8+ 1 = -9.
( ij) = .
3) ( ji) = ( ij) T :
( ji) = .
4) (2.2)
-1 = = ∙ =
= ∙ ∙ =
= = = = = .
: .
-1.
(9.9):
,
; ; - .
1 2
2:= -2∙ 1 + 2,
3:= -3∙ 1 + 3, 4:= 1 + 4,
4 2
1:= 2 + 1, 3:= -5∙ 2 + 3, 4:= -3 2 + 4,
1:= 5 3 + 22 1, 2:= 3∙ 3 + 22 2, 4:=- 15∙ 3 +22∙ 4,
1:=- 4 +41 1, 2:= -5∙ 4 + 41 2, 3:=35∙ 4 +41∙ 3
902, -902. 41,
,
-1 = .
3
.
.
. .
2 1
2:= -2∙ 1 + 2, 3:= 1 + 3, 4:= - 1 + 4
3:= -5 2 + 3, 4:= - 1 + 4
14, 4
4:= - 3 + 4
.
, .
t = . :
. = 1 , ..
.
1
1.
= = .
2 + +2.
2.
= = .
2 + -3.
3.
= = .
2 + - 3 .
4.
= = .
2 - 3 + .
5.
= = .
2 +2 + .
6.
= = .
2 2 -3 + .
7.
= = .
2 - 2 + 3.
8.
= = .
2 -3 + 2 .
9.
= = .
2 2 - 3 + .
10.
= = .
2 -4 + .
2
) ;
) ;
) .
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
3
) ;
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
4
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
|
|
8.
9.
10.
1. .. /....-.:,1977.
2. .. /...-,1964.
3. .. / ...- ,1971.
3. .., .., .. ..I,II /.. ., .., .. .:.,1982.
4. .., .. / . , ...- .:,1984.
5. .. ./.. .- .: ,1985.
6. .., .., .. ./ .. ., ..., .. .:.,1986.
7. .. /-:.,1998.
8. ..
./ . .- .. . VIII - ,2010,.69-72.