.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





1.2.. A = det A | A | D,

:

1. , .. ;

2. , ..

;

 

4. , A = , det A : , , - , A = , ..

,

- , .. = , i - j - ,

.1.2

det A.

. det A, A:

1.3

:

= =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=

= , . .

= 12 12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42 42 = 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32

(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = (-1) .

:

= - = - (3∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 + +2∙ (-1∙5- 3∙(-5)) = -(3∙7+2∙10)=-41.

 

2 - 3 ,

= =

.

2 = = .

, , (. ; ; ) . , , .. 3×3:

 

2 =

 

= =

:

= =

 

=

 

= =

3∙ = 3∙ = ( , .)= .

, ,

2 - 3 = - = ( , .)= .

 

n= 4.

.

~ ~

~ ~

 

:

A < 4, , 2 . , A ¹.0. :

.

.

- . ,

; ; ; .

.

. :

.

:

 

:

.

1.4. :

. , r (A) = 2, .. =1¹0; =3. r (A) < , .. . =1¹0 , :

.

(6.3).

 

= 2 x 3; = 3 x 3.

, (6.3) ; . x 1 ,x2 , x3 . , 3=0, 1=0, 2=0; .. , 3=1, 1=2, 2=3, .

.

. . A,

=

2:= 2 1+ 2; 3:= 2 1+ 3, - A. ,

A ~ ( 3:= 2+ 3) ~

, r (A) =3, .. - r = 6 -3=3 . , 1, 2, 3 .

1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6:

4 (1,0,0), 5 (0,1,0), 6 (0,0, 1) 1, 2, 3 :

 

1 2 3
    -2
-4 -3  
     

 

, :

=(14, 11,-2,1,0,0)

=(-4, -3, 0,0,1,0)

=(1, 0,1,0,0,1)

 

 

(1)

1) ;

2) ;

3) .

.

1). . , (1):

, :

- ;

- ;

- ( ) .

, . , , , , .. , , . , : , 2. , , 1, 1 , , .

, 1. . :

2 1,

( 2 , 1 ).

 

 

1. . 2 0, (-2) . :

2:= -2∙ 1 + 2,

(:= - , .. , ).

 

3 , 3:= -3∙ 1 + 3, (-1) , 4:= 1 + 4.

 

 

, .. . ( 3), , 1. , (.. ):

4 2.

 

 

1. .- 5 , 3:= -5∙ 2 + 3, 3 , 4:= -3 2 + 4.

. ( -22). , (-22) . -15 ,

4:=- 15∙ 3 +22∙ 4.

41,.. 4:= 4: 41.

 

(1) .

x 4 = - 1. , . :

- 22 x 3 - 35∙ (-1) = - 9. ,

.

4 3 ,

x 2 +3∙2 + 5∙(-1) = 2, x 2 = 2 6 +5 =1. x 4 , 3 x 2

x 1 - 1 + 2∙2 +3∙(-1) = 1 x 1 = 1.

: .

2). , (6.3). .

, :

= ,

:

= .

, . :

= =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=

= , . .

= 12 12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42 42 = 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32

(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = (-1) .

:

= - = - (3∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 + +2∙ (-1∙5- 3∙(-5)) = -(3∙7+2∙10)=-41.

, ∆ .

= =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=

= .

:

= 12 12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42 42 == 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32

(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = (-1) .

:

= - = - (1∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 +

+2∙ (4∙5- 3∙1) = - (1∙7+2∙17)= - 41.

, ∆ .

= =( 3:= -4∙ 2 + 3, 4:= - 2 + 4 )=

= =

,

:∆ = 12 12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42 42 == 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32

(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42==0 + 1∙(-1)2+2 +0+0 = .

:

=2∙9∙1 + 2∙(-2)∙13 + (-1)∙1∙1 (-1)∙9∙2 - 1∙(-2)∙1 - 2∙1∙13 = 18-52-1 +18 +2 -26= =-41 =∆ ..

z, ∆ :

z = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=

= .

:

z = 12 12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42 42 = 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32

(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = - .

:

z =- (3∙4∙4 +1∙1∙(-5) + 1∙(-1)∙2 - 2∙4∙(-5) - 1∙1∙3 - 1∙(-1)∙4) =

=-(48 -5 -2 +40 -3+4)=-82

t, ∆ .

t = =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=

= .

:

t = 12 12 + 22 22 + 32 32 + 42 42 =

= 12∙(-1)1+2 12 + 22∙(-1)2+2 22 + 32∙(-1)3+2 32 + 42∙(-1)4+2 42=

=1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 = - .

:

t =- (3∙3∙1 +0∙4∙(-5) + 1∙(-1)∙5 - 1∙3∙(-5) - 0∙1∙(-1) - 5∙3∙4) =

=-(9 +0 -5 +15 +0-60) = 41.

x = = =1; y = = =1; z = = = 2; t = = = - 1.

: .

(1)

.

(2.3). , :

= ,

= = .

 

= ,

.. ∙ =. , = - 1 .

-1.

1)

= =( 2:= 1 + 2, 3:= -2∙ 1 + 3, 4:= -2∙ 1 + 4)=

= = 1∙(-1)2+1 +0+0+0 =

= - = - (3∙(3∙4 -1∙5)+0 +

2∙ (-1∙5- 3∙(-5)) = - (3∙7+2∙10)= - 41.

2) ( ij) ij .

( ):

11 = (-1)1+1 = 2 - 4 +6+6-1-8 = 1,

 

12 = (-1)1+2 = -(-2 + 2 +9 - 3+1- 12) = 5,

 

13 = (-1)4 = 4 - 1 + 18+6 +2+6 = 35,

 

14 = (-1)5 = -(2 - 1 + 12+ 4+2 + 3) = -22,

 

21 = (-1)3 = -(-2 + 4 - 2- 2+1+ 8) = -7,

 

22 = (-1)4 = -4 - 2 - 3+ 1+2+ 12 = 6,

 

23 = (-1)5 =-(8 - 6 + 1- 2 + 4- 6) = 1,

24 = (-1)6 = 4 + 1 12 4 + 4- 3 = -10,

 

31 = (-1)4 = 4 - 12 +1+4-4-3 = -10,

 

32 = (-1)5 = -(8 - 1 +6 - 2- 6+ 4) = -9,

 

33 = (-1)3+3 = -4 - 3 - 2+ 1- 12- 2 = -22,

 

34 = (-1)7 = -(-2 - 2 - 4+ 2-8- 1) = 15,

 

41 = (-1)5 = -(-2 - 1 12 +4 + 3 + 2) = 6,

 

42 = (-1)6 = -4 18 + 1+6 + 6- 2 = -11,

 

43 = (-1)7 = -(2 - 2 + 9 - 3-12 +1) = 5,

 

44 = (-1)8 = 2- 4 +6 - 6- 8+ 1 = -9.

( ij) = .

 

3) ( ji) = ( ij) T :

( ji) = .

4) (2.2)

-1 = = =

 

 

= =

 

= = = = = .

: .

-1.

(9.9):

,

; ; - .

1 2

2:= -2∙ 1 + 2,

 

3:= -3∙ 1 + 3, 4:= 1 + 4,

 

4 2

 

1:= 2 + 1, 3:= -5∙ 2 + 3, 4:= -3 2 + 4,

1:= 5 3 + 22 1, 2:= 3∙ 3 + 22 2, 4:=- 15∙ 3 +22∙ 4,

 

 

1:=- 4 +41 1, 2:= -5∙ 4 + 41 2, 3:=35∙ 4 +41∙ 3

 

 

902, -902. 41,

 

,

 

-1 = .

 

3

.

.

. .

2 1

 

2:= -2∙ 1 + 2, 3:= 1 + 3, 4:= - 1 + 4

 

3:= -5 2 + 3, 4:= - 1 + 4

 

14, 4

 

4:= - 3 + 4

 

 

.

, .

t = . :

. = 1 , ..

.

1

1.

= = .

2 + +2.

 

2.

= = .

2 + -3.

3.

= = .

2 + - 3 .

4.

= = .

2 - 3 + .

5.

= = .

2 +2 + .

 

6.

= = .

2 2 -3 + .

 

7.

= = .

2 - 2 + 3.

 

8.

= = .

2 -3 + 2 .

 

9.

= = .

2 2 - 3 + .

 

10.

= = .

2 -4 + .

 

2

) ;

) ;

) .

 

1. 6.

 

2. 7.

 

3. 8.

 

4. 9.

 

5. 10.

 

3

) ;

 

1. 2.

 

3. 4.

 

5. 6.

 

7. 8.

 

9. 10.

 

4

.

1.

 

2.

 

3.

 

4.

 

5.

 

6.

 

7.

 

8.

 

9.

 

10.

 

 

1. .. /....-.:,1977.

2. .. /...-,1964.

3. .. / ...- ,1971.

3. .., .., .. ..I,II /.. ., .., .. .:.,1982.

4. .., .. / . , ...- .:,1984.

5. .. ./.. .- .: ,1985.

6. .., .., .. ./ .. ., ..., .. .:.,1986.

7. .. /-:.,1998.

8. ..

./ . .- .. . VIII - ,2010,.69-72.

 

 





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