, , - : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) .
3 1 , . , , , . , , . . . .
, , .
5.
5.1.
(CB) , ( ) . : 1) , (V) (V); 2) , V = V ; 3) , . ( o), 1 2 [ 9 ].
d ; m - ,
p , .
o g.
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l , ; a - , . a
t , ( t= 1,5, 1,0); ò , l l , .
= V × h / 200, (5.5)
h. , .
3 (, /)
= / ( × o), (5.6)
3 , /. 0
0 = ( ) / , (5.7)
3 [ 4, 10 ], 3.
£ , (5.7) - .
5.2.
5.2.1. . 5.1 Q 3 , 20% 3. h, Q, V , V. l l . d, . . , .
5.3.
5.2 [ 3 ] . [ 4, 10 ] 3 . (5.1...5.7) , ( ) . 2.3.3 [ 11 ], 3 ( 5.4),
5.4.
: 1) ( ); 2) B ( Q Q); 3) 3 ( , , , , .).
5.2.1 3 , , .
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6.
6.1.
, , , , , , .. ( ) 3, .
() . :
1. Qc, /, 2.04.03-85 [ 12 ],
Qc = q×F×K, (6.1)
q , /c 1 ( 5 q = 4 /c ); F ( 5 ) (), , , , ; - , . 6.1.
6.1. i
i, % 0 | 0,1 | 0,3 | 0,4 | 0,5 | 0,6 | 0,8 | 1,0 | 1,5 |
0,56 | 0,80 | 0,87 | 0,94 | 1,0 | 1,05 | 1,18 | 1,35 | |
i, % 0 | 2,0 | 2,5 | 3,0 | 3,5 | 4,0 | 4,5 | 5,0 | 6,0 |
1,48 | 1.59 | 1,69 | 1,77 | 1,85 | 1,92 | 1,99 | 2.12 |
2. Qc, /,
Qc = 0,5×F×hc×Kc, (6.2)
hc 10 , ( hc = 20 ); , ( = 0,8).
3. (), /, 3 ( , , )
= 3600××Qc, (6.3)
3600 - ; 3 . 6.2, /; Qc ( ), /.
6.2. , /,
4. (5.5) V .
5. a, , (5.4), Qc.
6. CB g (5.3).
7. 3 c C, /, -
= g×Q( )/ Q + , (6.4)
Q () 95% , 3 /; 3 , / ( . 6.3).
8. (), /,
= 3600×× Q, (6.5)
3600 ; , (6.4).
9. , 6.3 6.4.
6.2.
6.2.1. 3 ( , , ) . () B . , . ( ) = 15 /, . j i, % 0, F, . h, , V, /, CB l , , ò, Q,3/.
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. 6.4.
6.3.
5.2.4 5.2.5 [ 3 ], , 6.2.1, 6.1 6.2. 3 (6.1...6.3). (6.5), , a g (5.3...5.5) 5.1 . 3 .
£ , . , > , B . 3, , (6.4).
6.4.
, [ 8 ]. , . , , . , , .
, , , . .
Qc, Qc, C, , ( ) B . .
7,
7 1.
" " , . . 40 . ./ . , , . ( -76 -93 , , 0,17 / 0,37 / ). 20% , 80% 25 . .
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() [ 8 ].
1. , /×.,
= ×mp× × (åGi×Pi×Ni), (7.1)
= 0,74 ; mp , , . 7.1; = 0,8 , ; k = 0,8 , ; Gi (. . 4.1), /; Ni , ./. , i , , /.
. 7.1. mp V
2. , /2,
= (0,4 l × j × T× P) + F, (7.2)
l , l, , , . 7.1; j , , , , ; , 7300 , 20 , F , /2.
. 1 , 5 , () , .. . (1) l () (7.2). (2) , l (7.2) 5 . (1) (2).
3. , /,
= P/(h× r), (7.3)
h , , ( 0,2 , ( ) 0,1 ), r , /3.
4. pc l (. . 4.2) c , 32 /.
5. , c 4.4. . 4.5.
7.2.
7.2.1. . 7.2 : 1) III I ; 2) .
20 (7300 ); , j = 0,7; ; h = 0,2 r = 1600 /3; . 4.1. Na, ./.; V1, /, V2, /. -93, () -76. 50 , I 11,25 .
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7.3.
, 7.2.1, 7.1 7.2. , . 7.1, (7.1...7.3). , I , 7.1.
, (. . 4.2) Pc l . , , . , , . 4.5, .
7.4.
I .
, , , , , . . 4.5 . , .
, . , .
8.
8.1.
.
, , .
1. , ./, [ 13 ]
N . ( ), 1 , ; V , /.
2. ( 1 ) [ 13 ]
N = (N × n)/(1 +1,8 ), (8.2)
n ; n (1 = 1; 2 = 1,9; 3 = 2,7; 4 = 3,5; 5= 4,3; K6 = 5; 7 = 5,7; 8 = 6,4); .
3. , ,
L = L 7 +åD i , (8.3)
L 7 7,5 1,2 , ;
D i .
. 8.1.
D i . 8.2...8.5.
4. , ,
L r 0= 7,5 , ; r 0 7,5 ; K , c ( = 1,1; = 0,9); R , .
5. , , 10 , .
6. , , L , L ;
L ( , ), / . 8.6 (8.7)/; j .
D L . . 8.7 D L b , d .
d, ,
d = (a + ) , (8.6)
- , ; - , ; - , .
D L = D L a +Dg, (8.7)
D L a D L a1 D L a2 , . 8.8; Dg , . 8.9.
. - 1,5 .
, . . a1 a2 , ( . 8.3),
8.9. , D L a1 D L a 2
7. L 7,5 , . 8.10 . 8.11.
8. , , ( ) , ,
L = 10 lg (8.8)
L i i - , ;n .
9. (8.4).
10. (8.5).
. (8.8).
12. L .. L ..
L .. () = L .() L .. (), (8.9)
L .() , L .. () () .
II-12-77 [ 4 ] , , , 35 ; , , 45 ; 30 ; 55 .
13. , , . 8.12 . L , ,
L = L D L , (8.10)
L , ; D L (. . 8.12), .
8.12. ,
8.2.
8.2.1. . 8.13 8.14. . , , R1 R4. i - . R2 n h R3 , . V, /; , %; m ,; 1. , , m1 , / V1, /; m2, / V2, /; m3, / V3 /. .
, . .
8.3.
5.7.1 [ 3 ], 8.2.1. , , , (. 8.1).
, , (8.1...8.10) . 8.1...8.14, . 8.1 . 8.2, . 8.6 8.12. , . , 1,5 .
, (. 8.3).
. 8.3. : 1 2 - , , ; 3 4 ; 5 6 ; 7 8 ( ) ; 9 10
8.4.
: 1) - ;
2) - , ; 3) (-) ; 4) (-) , - ..
, .
, . , , , , .. ( , , ), , ,
. , , , , .
, ( . . 8.3) , .
9.
9.1.
[ 14 ] :
1. , , . 9.1.
2. (. 9.1) , . 9.2 9.3.
, /2,
P = 0,01×P ×h, (9.1)
P , /3; h , ; 0,01 .
h .
h ( 1 ³ 1800 /; 2 = 1600, 3 = 1400 4 £ 1200 /) . 9.3 ( ).
D L (c. . 9.1) 60 , BC 7,5 .
3. , . 9.4.
4. (. 9.4) 6000 12000 h, . D L 35 , 29 . 5 , 8 .
5. , . 9.1...9.3; . 9.4. , , Ri
S ( , .), ; R - , .
6. 9.3 9.4.
9.2.
9.2.1. . 9.1 S , h c 3 ( ) 4 ( ) So. L, , .
9.3.
.
. 9.1...9.3 D L . (9.2) . . 9.2, ( . 9.3) .
. 9.2 , : 1) , 2) 3) .
9.4.
:
I. , (, 10- 125 36 , 250 38 , 500 39 , 1000 47 , 2000 54 4000 55 ).
2. .
3. , , . 8 7 [ 14 ].
, .
10.
10.1.
: 1) 2) . (, , ) 150...200 20...30 ; 1 () 200 . , . () .
( ) ( /, , , ) () ( / ), . 10.1. . , / , ; , ; , ; , ; , ; / (), ; , .
, . , -235 = 700 . , -137 = 30 -90 = 28,6 . ( ), /, ( 3 ) [ 15 ]. : ( ). , (-235, -137, -90 ..). .
. 10.1. ( )
, . , (, .) - , ( ) . = 10% 10 V10 = 5 /. () (, ) (), (, . 10.1).
.
1. () . 10.1, V10, .
: ; ; .
2. . 10.2 V /, V10.
3. . 10.3 ¥ .
4. , . 10.1. , .
: 1. , . 2. , , () .
10.3. V10 = 5 /, H = 200 ( -1000) , = 10%
. 10.3: 1 = ¥ /400 1 ; ¥ .
5. () , (). , . .
. L o, , .
6. , , ()
t = L o /3600 V10, (10.1)
L o () , .
7. . 10.4 t, , .
8. , . . 10.3 (. 1) 1 ¥ . , ; ¥ .
1. .10.3 1 ( 1 ) ¥ ., ; ¥ ., '. L o = 60 .
. . 10.1, : 1) ,
. , ¥ . > 250 ; Ē ( ') ¥ . <30 .
9. , /, ( , , )
Pt = P1/ K, (10.2)
, . 10.5.
10.5. ( )
2. (10. 2), : 1 = 0,63 /, t = 5 , = 4 .
. 1. , .., t = t = 5 = 2,22 (. . 10.5), P5 = 0,63/2,22 = 0,28 /.
2. , .., t =t + = 5 + 4 = 9 = (2,85 + 3,0) / 2 = 2,93; P9 = 0,63/2,93 = 0,22 /.
3. Pp = (P5 + 9) / 2 = (0,28 + 0,22) / 2 = 0,25 /.
4.
24 = 5, 24 = 0,63/5 = 0,13 /.
5. K72 = 7, P72 = 0,63/7 = 0,09 /.
10. , , ( : , ) ;
1 (. ),
11. 1 > ( ), , . 10.6. 10 1 .
. 10.6. () : I) , ; 2) ( ) .
, .. 10 .
10 = 2 (P t P t), (10.5)
P P , /; t t , .
. 10.5 3 . ,
10 = 3 + 7 , (10.6)
, (8.5),
3 = 2(3 × 72 t × t ), (10.7)
t , /; t , .
3 , ( 7 ) 2 , (10.6) :
10 = 3 +(3 /2), (10.8)
10 , . 10.6, , , . : 10 . 10.6.
3. 10 , : 3 = 0,09 /, = 0,28 / t =t =5 .
. 1. (10.7) 3 = 2(0,09 ×72 + 0,28×5) = 15,76 .
2. (10.8)
10 =15,76 + (15,76 / 2) = 23,64 .
3. . 10.6 . 23,64 . 10.6 ( ) . , , , , , , .. .
12. , ,
å= + 8 + + + , (10.9)
, , ; 8 , 8- , ; , ( . 10.7), ; , ( = + , , ), ; , (.. ), . å
t=(P×T) / K, (10.10)
P = ( + )/2 , /, ; ( , , ), ; ( ).
å . å > å , å. (, .
. , .. .
4. å, = 2 å. : Pp = 0,425 / , 8 () = 10; L o = 30 ; = 0,56 / 2 = 1; 2 = 2 = 0,56 / Pp = 0,29 /; 12 = 20 Pp = 0,29 / 1 = 0,13 /.
. 1. (10.10) å/. (10.9)/:
å , . 0,5 ( 1,5 ) 1 ( I ). , .
4. ,
å = 0,28 + 0.34 + 1 + 0,212 + 0,152 = 1,984 < = 2 .
13. å () (. 10.8), å > 100 . å>50 , . 10.9 (, , ) .
: , I II ; III - 50...60%.
14. , , .
, . ,
= / , (10.11)
, , ( ); - (-96) , .
, , . .
( )
i , , .. , ; .
, , , .
³ () . , .
5. C (10.11 10.12) 4 = 13,7 .
. 1. (10.11):
= 13,7